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primarily for sawtimber. More than half of the private acreage in Massachusetts (1.2 million acres) is held in parcels that are 50 acres or larger (Butler, 2008).32, 33 Owners of 40% of the family forest land (about 650,000 acres) reported that a commercial harvest—sawlogs, veneer logs, or pulpwood—occurred since they acquired the land.34 The large majority of these owners stated that they harvested trees because the trees were mature and/or they wished to improve the quality of the remaining trees. Suffice to say, while timber production is certainly not the number one priority on most private forest land in Massa- chusetts, there is a significant component of the forest land base in Massachusetts that is used to generate timber income and would likely be available for more aggressive forest management under the right circumstances. There are landowners who would like to pursue forest management practices that will enhance the growth of their forest for future commercial timber production. With no market for biomass, these owners need to pay loggers for the cost of harvesting and collecting low-value wood and then may have an additional cash outlay for slash disposal. This could be a substantial investment with a return not seen for many years. However, with a “new” market for biomass fuel, the prices for delivered biomass may be sufficient to cover logging costs and may go beyond break-even to generate positive stumpage values for this material. Thus, harvesting of forest biomass could open the door for alternative forest management practices that are focused on improving sawtimber growth and value. 3.2.3.4 A Forecast of Forest Biomass Supply in Massachusetts with Low-Price Biomass Stumpage Here we combine the information above to forecast how much “new” forest biomass could be supplied if demand from bioenergy facilities increases while real biomass stumpage prices remain at recent levels. The forecast is intended as an upper limit in the sense that any volume less than this could be produced to meet the demand from bioenergy plants at similar prices. 32 Landowner survey results show that only 43% of the 1.7 million acres that are family owned are 50 acres or larger; however, 88% of the remaining 0.4 million acres held by private owners belong to this size class. 33 The National Woodland Owner Survey provides a substantial of information intended to characterize the behavior of private forest owners in the United States. The main report summarizing these data is Family Forest Owners of the United States, 2006 (Butler, 2008). An on-line version—NWOS Table Maker Ver 1.01— provides users with the ability to create their own customized tables for individual states. 34 Among survey respondents, 25–30 years seems like a reasonable approximation of the average ownership tenure for family-owned land (measured by area, not number of owners): the ownership tenure was 25–49 years for about 40% of the family-owned acreage and 10–24 years for about 30% of the acreage. This projection is predicated on several key assumptions: • The total land area harvested remains at the historical average. • Onehalfofthisareaismanagedasithasbeeninrecent years. The same volume of sawtimber and other industrial roundwood will be harvested and no logging residues are harvested for biomass because such operations are not justi- fied by the economics (due to scattered material which is costly to harvest and low volumes per acre). Due to the low level of pulpwood stumpage prices, it is possible that some of this material could be diverted to biomass fuel, but we have not included this potential shift as part of the Low-Price Biomass scenario. • Theotherhalfofthelandareaharvestedreceivessilvicultural treatments that include whole-tree biomass harvesting.35 While many landowners will find this management option suitable for their objectives, many others will not look favor- ably upon heavier logging of their woodlots. • Ontheacresthatareharvestedmoreintensivelywithwhole- tree methods, 65% of tops and limbs removed for industrial roundwood production are harvested for biomass. (As noted above, pulpwood is assumed not to be diverted to biomass in this scenario.) • Forwhole-treebiomassharvests,15greentonsarecutperacre. Of this volume, 10% is left on the harvest site for ecological reasons (this is equivalent to 1/3 of tops and limbs). Projections for this biomass harvest scenario are shown in Exhibit 3-8. Land is classified as “1⁄2 Current” (land harvested as in recent years) and “1⁄2 WT” (land harvested with whole-tree harvesting). Removals per acre average 21.8 green tons in “1⁄2 Current,” compared to 36.8 green tons in “1⁄2 WT,” so the removals per acre average 29.3 green tons statewide (compared to 21.8 tons with no additional biomass harvesting). Total forest biomass fuel harvested averages 16.5 green tons per acre in “1⁄2 WT,” and 8.3 green tons per acre for all private lands in Massachusetts. On the acres where biomass is harvested, 13.5 green tons come from whole trees, while 3.0 green tons consist of residues from sawtimber/pulpwood harvests. As shown in Exhibit 3-8, this scenario results in 184,000 green tons of additional biomass produced for bioenergy on private lands in Massachusetts. If we increase the biomass removal rate to 20 green tons per acre, the biomass harvest increases to 235,000 green tons. The availability of low-value stumpage (timber that will be sold for only $1−$2 per green ton) and the implications 35 This assumption is consistent with an electric power demand scenario. It can be easily modified for thermal or CHP demand. We would assume that stumpage prices remain at the same level— thermal and CHP could pay more for stumpage but there is no reason to do so unless competing for higher-value timber. The main difference would be that if loggers do not use whole-tree methods, then tops and limbs would be excluded from the harvest volumes. BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON POLICY STUDY MANOMET CENTER FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCES 43 NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVEPDF Image | NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMET
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