PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 039
4) they are assumed to be the most easily procured—and thus the least costly—source of biomass supply from forests. Logging residues have been a central focus of many studies (for example, the “Billion-Ton-Study,” Perlak et al., 2005) and are considered a key source of forest biomass fuel. 3.2.2.1 Logging Residue Generation Here we consider the potential volume of forest biomass supplies from logging residues in Massachusetts. The primary source of logging residue data in most studies is the Timber Products Output (TPO) reports from the U.S. Forest Service. These data could not be used directly for Massachusetts due to problems in the underlying database (see Appendix 3-B for a full discussion of the logging residue data). In addition, the TPO methodology tends to overstate the volume of logging residues available for biomass fuel because the data include a significant volume attributable to breakage and residual stand damage. For these reasons, we have devised an alternative approach in which we estimate the volume of tops and limbs associated with harvesting trees of varying diameter classes (the derivation of these estimates is provided in 3-B). When these percentages of top and limb material are applied to recent industrial roundwood harvest levels, they suggest that the total volume of “logging residues” generated on private lands in Massachusetts is on the order of 100,000 green tons per year.20 3.2.2.2 Logging Residue Recovery Most studies that evaluate the availability of logging residues make the assumption (sometimes implicitly) that the bulk of logging residues are delivered to a landing as part of normal harvesting operations. In these logging operations, a tree is assumed to be delivered to the landing for the value of the sawlog and pulpwood, while the “wastewood” is assumed to be a by-product of the operation with zero costs for “delivery” to a landing. With these assumptions, the portion of the tree that could be considered biomass fuel is inexpensive and available for the cost of chipping and transport to a bioenergy facility. While this may be true in many regions, it is generally not the case in Massachusetts where logging operations commonly consist of manual felling, bucking into logs in the field at the stump, and cable skidding or forwarding; thus, most tops and limbs remain on the ground where the trees are felled. While it may be feasible to recover scattered logging residues in some circumstances, it seems fair to conclude that biomass supply from logging residues in Massachusetts would be minimal without some modifications to existing harvesting operations. Although these logging residues do have the advantage of having been felled at no cost to the biomass producer, the high cost of 20 One shortcoming of this approach is that it is not possible to estimate how much of this topwood and limbwood may already be utilized for products (due to differing utilization standards), or harvested for firewood. collection and delivery to a central location would generally be prohibitively expensive. In order to produce biomass competitively from tops and limbs, whole-tree harvesting operations would likely be necessary to reduce the costs of landed residue material. Rather than topping and limbing felled trees at the stump, trees could be skidded to a landing with some portion of the top and limbs remaining intact. Tops and limbs could then be removed at the landing and chipped there. If biomass is produced in this manner, the primary costs would be chipping (about $6−$7 per green ton for slash) and transport from the landing to a bioenergy plant (directly dependent on distance, but averaging about $8−$12 per green ton).21 Thus, total delivered costs would be $14−$19 per green ton.22 3.2.2.3 Forecast of Forest Biomass Supply from Logging Residues on Private Lands In order to project biomass supplies that can be used to meet potential demand from new bioenergy plants, we have assumed that 65% of the tops and limbs from harvested trees can be recovered on acres where silvicultural prescriptions include whole-tree biomass harvests. This percentage was selected for two reasons: 1) it leaves behind more than enough material to conform to the ecological guidelines that have been spelled out in Chapter 4; 2) it recognizes that a significant share of tops and limbs remain uneconomic due to timber breakage, small pieces, and small branches. Some issues, such as difficulties in handling large hardwood crowns, encompass both ecological and economic concerns. Harvests of logging residues have been considered in conjunction with harvests of standing forest biomass in the following sections. We did not consider it useful to develop a separate biomass supply scenario for only logging residues. Biomass production from logging residues would be widely dispersed and given historical harvest levels, it would amount to only about 2−3 green tons on an average acre. It may be feasible to economically recover this material in some locations with small chippers and chip vans. However, in the broader context of biomass markets, the economic case for producing forest biomass makes more sense when more volume is produced on a per-acre basis. Thus, our projections of biomass supplies from logging residues are combined with harvests of other low-value standing trees and these projections are discussed below. 3.2.3 LOW-PRICE BIOMASS FROM PRIVATE TIMBERLANDS 21 These data are based on the combination of a literature review and informal survey of industry professionals. 22 Although we have assumed that tops and limbs are free at the landing in this case, increased competition for this material in response to higher biomass demand would likely cause the value of the wood to be bid higher, thus raising the cost of delivered wood. There are also some additional logging costs associated with piling or “putting up’ the material at the landing. BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON POLICY STUDY MANOMET CENTER FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCES 39 NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVEPDF Image | NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMET
PDF Search Title:
NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMETOriginal File Name Searched:
manomet_biomass_report_full_hirez.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |