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edged higher to 104 million board feet in 1996; however, produc- tion was estimated to have been only 69 million board feet in 2001 and 49 million board feet 2005 (Damery et al., 2006). On public lands, sawtimber harvests were also flat over the past 15 years according to FCP data. One interpretation of these trends would be that the contraction in lumber production was less a function of final demand than of the competitive position of sawmills in Massachusetts, and high-quality sawlogs continued to be cut and shipped out of state to be processed elsewhere. Another factor that needs to be considered is that it appears that land clearing dropped sharply over this time frame; thus, a potentially important source of sawlogs declined substantially and may have increased the demand for sawlogs from private lands. Most importantly for this study, in spite of major changes in local processing capacity and demand and some significant price swings, acres harvested and sawtimber harvests have remained relatively stable. These trends provide the basis for our projec- tions of future harvest levels in Massachusetts. Exhibit 3-3: Average Sawtimber Harvest Intensity on All Private Lands, 1985−2009 (000 board feet, International 1⁄4" log rule per acre) Note: Derived from Forest Cutting Plans assuming 95% of plans are completed. In order to project forest biomass supply, it is also important to consider the volume of timber that is being harvested for other end uses. These calculations provide insight into other demands on the resource base, harvest intensities on timberland, and the potential for additional harvests of biomass. In order to compare the harvest volumes reported on the FCPs, we converted sawtimber (MBF, International 1⁄4" log rule), pulpwood (reported as 128 cubic-foot cords), and fuelwood (reported as green tons) to common units (green tons in this case). Harvest intensity for sawtimber in green tons per acre is contrasted with the other industrial roundwood uses in Exhibit 3-4.19 Other industrial roundwood fell from about 4 green tons per acre in the 19 We have combined pulpwood and fuelwood into “other industrial roundwood” because the two classifications are not reliable indicators of their end-use markets. Some pulpwood—perhaps more appropriately referred to as cordwood—can be cut and split for firewood, and may be chipped for biomass. Fuelwood is comprised of roundwood that is processed for residential firewood, and also wood that is chipped for industrial biomass use. early 1990s to only about 2 green tons per acre in 2000. Since that time, other industrial roundwood harvests have climbed sharply, reaching 7 green tons per acre in 2009 (according to plan data, this consists of 5 green tons of pulpwood and 2 green tons of fuelwood). We should also note that our analysis of historical timber harvests includes only a small percentage of the total volume of firewood that is cut and consumed in Massachusetts. FCPs are required only for harvests that exceed 50 cords and it appears that most firewood is produced in much smaller operations. This is consistent with Massachusetts landowner surveys that suggest that many owners of small parcels are interested in firewood harvests, but not harvests of industrial roundwood. Exhibit 3-4: Average Harvest Intensity on All Private Lands, 1985−2009 Sawtimber compared with Other Industrial Roundwood (green tons per acre) Note: Derived from Forest Cutting Plans assuming 95% of plans are completed. For this study, we have assumed that residential fuelwood harvests do not have a significant impact on the potential for forest biomass supply since most of the biomass for industrial use is likely to come from larger harvesting operations. However, there is an interface between the two sectors as some residential fuelwood does get cut during industrial roundwood harvests, and sometimes in follow- up harvests if crews move in to remove smaller wood or standing dead wood. This area may deserve additional study because of the large volume of firewood production in Massachusetts, which we estimate may be two-to-three times the volume of industrial roundwood harvested (see Appendix 3-C). 3.2.2 LOGGING RESIDUES Most studies of potential forest biomass availability start with logging residues because: 1) they represent a substantial volume of wood (4.5 billion cubic feet in the U.S. in 2006, which compares with 15.0 billion cubic feet of roundwood harvested for all prod- ucts (Smith et al., 2009); 2) their removal has been considered integral to forest and ecological health in many situations due to potential fire hazard and insect damage; 3) they are perceived to be underutilized and have additional value as product output; BIOMASS SUSTAINABILITY AND CARBON POLICY STUDY MANOMET CENTER FOR CONSERVATION SCIENCES 38 NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVEPDF Image | NATURAL CAPITAL INITIATIVE AT MANOMET
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