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Supermarket store, Bootle, UK – A 40,000 square feet retailer store has been fitted with an open loop ground source heat pump installation. The system, of two boreholes, takes water from an aquifer, extracts the heat in a heat pump and then releases the cooled water back into the aquifer. When used for air conditioning it operates in reverse. Local-scale heat distribution systems, Europe – Some new housing schemes are installing heat pumps which provide a supply of hot water (40°C) to each house for under floor heating and partial domestic hot water supply. The supply of hot water to each house is metered and charged for by the developer. The size of these heat pump installations are between about 100 to 300 kWt. 5.5 Direct uses – New Zealand For centuries geothermal waters have been used for direct heating. The Maoris pioneered the use of geothermal energy and availed themselves of its thermal and other properties in direct use applications such as cooking, heating, bathing, medicine as well as more latterly linking it with tourism. Pulp, paper and wood processing (Norske Skog Tasman and Carter Holt Harvey Tasman, Kawerau) This is New Zealand’s largest geothermal direct heat user and one of the worlds largest industrial applications of geothermal direct use at about 5,200 T/year. Geothermal steam is used in clean steam heat exchangers to provide mill process steam. It is also used for timber drying in high temperature kilns in the nearby timber mill owned by Carter Holt Harvey Woodproducts. These processes use high temperature geothermal fluids. Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget (SCA) Kawerau SCA is using clean steam generated using geothermal energy supplied by Ngati Tuwharetoa Geothermal Assets (NTGA) from the Kawera geothermal field for tissue manufacture. The plant produces about 60,000 tonnes per year of tissue. The clean steam generating equipment operating at about 17 bar abs was installed in 2010. The system previously used for generating process steam was fuelled by natural gas. Tenon wood-drying kilns, Tauhara Contact Energy has developed, built, and been supplying geothermal heat for timber drying to the Tenon Mill since May 2006. The project has led to greater operational efficiencies, shorter kiln time cycles and increased annual drying capacity by around 5%. Geothermal heat has replaced natural gas. It resulted in savings in fuel and a net reduction of around 27,900 tonnes of CO2 emissions in its first year of operation. The plant uses high temperature geothermal fluids from the Tauhara geothermal field. Milk processing Miraka are constructing a milk processing plant using geothermal energy from the Mokai Geothermal Resource to power the process. The plant will be operational in mid 2011 and has a design capacity to process 1.1 million litres of milk per day through to milk powder. Huka Prawn Park Figure 46 shows an example of a dual plate heat exchanger arrangement at the Wairakei 2010 GNS Science Report 2010/20 42PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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