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5.2.4 Space conditioning Space conditioning includes both heating and cooling processes. Space heating using geothermal energy occurs in individual homes through to significant building spaces. Space cooling is also becoming more popular. Geothermal heat pumps (groundwater and ground- coupled) have a significant presence in USA and Europe both for heating and cooling applications. 5.2.5 District heating District heating originates from a central source supplying hot water or steam through a network of pipes to individual dwellings or blocks of buildings. The heat is used for space heating and cooling and domestic water heating. A geothermal well field can be the primary source of heat; however, depending on the temperature and load requirements, the scheme may include fossil fuel to supplement to meet peak heating loads and/or a heat pump system. 5.3 Heat pumps Heat flows naturally from high to low temperature. Heat pumps can move heat energy in the opposite direction using a small amount of electrical energy. These devices use mechanical energy to pump heat from a cooler region to a warmer region by changing the pressure of a working fluid (“refrigerant”). A refrigerant is used to facilitate the heat transfer. Heat pumps can be used for space heating, space cooling, or to provide hot water. The different types of heat pumps are explained below. Vapour compression refrigerator The kitchen refrigerator is the simplest example of a heat pump and uses the basic principles to move heat out of the cold space to the higher temperature room environment. Water chiller A water chiller uses a vapour compression refrigeration cycle to cool water in a water tank or reservoir. An insulated piping loop distributes the chilled water to hydronic fan units in the space to be chilled, returning the water to the reservoir to be chilled and recycled. Air conditioners Air conditioner coils operate at higher temperatures than refrigerator coils, but still use the same vapour-compression cycle. The heat source is an air-conditioned room maintained at a temperature of 21-24°C. The rejected heat is pumped outdoors, where the heat sink design temperature can be as high as 38-39°C. Dehumidifiers These devices remove moisture from room-temperature air by passing it over an evaporator coil. The moisture condenses out of the room air onto the cold surface of the coil that is then drained away. The drier room air is then discharged over a condenser coil and out the front of the dehumidifier, which warms it by several degrees, further reducing its relative humidity. 2010 GNS Science Report 2010/20 21PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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