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5.1.3.2 Shell and tube heat exchangers Consist of a cylindrical shell with multiple tubes running inside the shell (Figure 16). One fluid passes through the tubes and then exits the heat exchanger; the other fluid circulates on the outside of the tubes within the cylindrical shell. Heat is transferred from one fluid to the other through the walls of the tubes. Figure 16 Shell and tube heat exchanger. Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are used for geothermal applications. Drawbacks are fouling, greater approach temperature (“difference between incoming and outgoing fluid temperature”) and the larger size for a given installation. 5.1.3.3 Downhole heat exchangers The simplest and most commonly used downhole heat exchanger consists of a pair of tubes connected at one end by a “U” bend through which water is pumped (Figure 17). The tubes are suspended from the well casing head to below the water level in the well. Some systems rely on aquifer flow past the tubes to provide the heat energy to the heat exchanger. In other situations a promoter pipe is installed as part of the installation. This pipe encourages vertical flow within the well to aid the heat transfer process. Natural convection circulates the water down inside the casing, through the lower perforations, up in the annulus and back inside the casing through the upper perforations. Downhole heat exchangers eliminate possible issues associated with disposal of geothermal fluid, since only heat is taken from the well. However, in general downhole heat exchangers have much lower thermal energy delivery capability than can be achieved from a well that is pumped or produces geothermal fluid. Heat delivery capability means that downhole heat exchangers are more appropriate for residential and smaller commercial applications. 2010 GNS Science Report 2010/20 16PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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