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Most direct heat use applications use geothermal fluids in the low-to-moderate temperature range between 30°C and 150°C. Resources in this range are relatively widespread in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. Some installations can use conventional water-well drilling and off-the- shelf heating and cooling equipment (allowing for the temperature and chemistry of the geothermal water). Projects can be built on a small scale such as for an individual home, single greenhouse or aquaculture pond. They also can be built on a large scale such as for district heating/cooling, food and lumber drying. 5.1 Direct technologies – Production system 5.1.1 Downhole pumps They are used to lift fluid to the surface and in some instances are useful to prevent the release of gas and resultant scale formation. The most common types of downhole pumps are line-shaft and submersible. 5.1.1.1 Line-shaft pump systems These consist of a multi-stage downhole centrifugal pump, a surface mounted motor and a driveshaft assembly extending from the motor to the pump bowl (Figure 13). Most are enclosed, with the shaft rotating within a lubricated column which is centred in production tubing. This assembly allows the bearings to be lubricated by oil, as hot water may not provide adequate lubrication. A variable-speed drive can be used to regulate flow. Figure 13 Line-shaft pump. GNS Science Report 2010/20 13 2010PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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