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4.2.1.4 Canoga Park USA The first demonstration Kalina cycle plant was in Canoga Park, in California operating between 1992 and 1997. 4.2.1.5 Japan The first commercial Kalina cycle power plant was installed in 1998 in a waste heat application at Sumitomo Metals, Kashima Steelworks, in Kashima, Japan. A demonstration Kalina cycle plant was part of a waste-to-energy facility in Fukuoka, Japan. This 4.5 MW power plant was retrofit to a fluidized bed municipal incinerator and ran from 1998 to 1999. 4.3 Power generation technology discussion Rankine Cycle plants (ORC) compete with the Kalina cycle power plants in converting electricity from low enthalpy geothermal energy resources. Their application and efficiencies vary depending on the supply and reject temperatures at which they operate. Other factors that need to be considered are: 1) Issues associated with ammonia-water mixtures for Kalina versus isobutane, isopentane, and n-pentane fluids for ORC. These include: • environmental considerations; • safety considerations when released to the atmosphere. 2) Ability to scale-up individual turbines. Conventional steam turbines can be used for ammonia-water, while ORC turbines are generally limited to 5 MW to 10 MW due to working fluid considerations. 3) Capital or investment costs 5.0 DIRECT USES OF LOW ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES Direct (or non-electric) use of geothermal energy is the immediate use of the energy rather than converting it to electricity for use. Direct uses include drying, swimming, bathing, balneology, space heating, cooling, agriculture (greenhouse, soil heating, crop drying, animal husbandry), aquaculture, industrial processes, heat pumps (heating and cooling), and other processes. The Lindal diagram (Figure 3) identifies potential applications and the temperatures required to support those applications. Geothermal direct use systems use established technology that generally involves three basic elements: • a production system that brings water (and steam) up through a well to the surface; • a delivery system that distributes the fluid through pipes; and • a disposal system where the cooled water is injected back into the reservoir or discharged. 2010 GNS Science Report 2010/20 12PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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