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are not assured, preventing the participation of the affected population. People who then resist end up being treated as criminals by the authorities.’ The Belo Monte Dam Project has been suspended on numerous occasions and has led to precautionary measures being granted by the International Human Rights Commission. Based on such experiences, guidelines and protocols to improve the sustainability of hydroelectric projects have been developed. For example, the International Hydropower Association has proposed standards to assess hydropower facilities prior to their approval. Nevertheless, Latin American and Caribbean countries have yet to adopt these protocols to assess the large-scale hydroelectric projects which are expected to be constructed in the near future, in particular in countries sharing the Amazon rainforest. In Brazil, electricity demand is about 513 TWh/year84 and is expected to triple by 2050. To meet this demand, Brazil will need to import electricity from neighbouring countries such as Peru,85 which agreed to provide 6,000 MW to Brazil over the next 30 years, equal to 90% of its current installed capacity. In anticipation of this future obligation, Peru is conducting studies ahead of approving electrical concessions in the Amazon, such as the Inambari hydropower plant, which is expected to supply 2,000 MW. In contrast to the problems driven by large-scale hydropower plants, the experience with micro and small hydropower facilities has generally been acknowledged as positive. For example, in Guatemala, the Madre Selva Collective has implemented community-based, small-scale hydropower plants that benefit indigenous communities. The projects are widely accepted by the population because they have no negative environmental or economic impacts and bring a number of benefits. Oscar Campos of the Madre Selva Collective highlights the importance of developing projects based on a comprehensive approach including community development, thus gaining social licence. 4.1.2. Biofuels First generation biofuels emerged in the region as an opportunity for countries to promote a new source of clean energy that can be produced locally, thus reducing their dependence on imported oil, improving energy security and fostering economic competitiveness. National governments believed that biofuels producers would rely on trade with rural inhabitants, thus supporting poverty reduction measures. However, biofuels have the potential to increase food prices and heighten competition for land and water, they pose risks in terms of water quality, increase concentration of land ownership in fewer hands and can cause habitat loss and deforestation. Barranquita, a district in eastern Peru, is an example of the severe negative impacts of agribusiness expansion for biofuels. Barranquita used to have large areas of primary forest before the approval of oil palm plantations in 2007. At the time, energy crop development was designated as an ‘activity of national interest’, a label that enables national authorities to facilitate investments in the sector, for example by simplifying land allocation processes. These measures resulted in irregularities when defining the lands suitable for energy crops. As a result, the licence given ended up covering forest lands. The situation in Barranquita sparked a conflict between the agribusiness firms and the local population. Deforestation stopped for about two years during a period of intense protest, but the systematic clearing of forests started again. This work has set a negative precedent in the country, giving other companies the green light to continue expanding the production of biofuels by destroying rainforest. 26 Low-Carbon Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, experiences and challengesPDF Image | Low-Carbon Development in Latin America
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