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for the local population and is an important ecosystem for migratory birds. In 2010, not only was the project approved without the level of environmental assessment required according to its scale, but also without conducting prior consultation of indigenous communities. These irregularities drove civil society organisations to file a lawsuit that resulted in approval being withdrawn. However, far from being dismissed, the project is being re-assessed, after a consultation that drew allegations of serious violations of human rights. Armando Montaña, a member of the Movement for the Defence of Mar Brava, said: ‘The biggest barriers that work against the sustainability of the energy projects in Chile are the lack of mechanisms for citizen participation and the lack of land use regulations. The population of Chiloé is not opposed to the development of wind farms on the island, but believes projects must be assessed through the consideration of current land uses and social, economic and cultural impacts that may affect the local population.’ 4.1.1. Hydropower plants Hydroelectric plants have caused serious environmental and social impacts in the region and worldwide. For example, the implementation of hydropower plants in Brazil, with an installed capacity of approximately 133,339 MW,81 has led to major environmental impacts, especially in the Amazon rainforest, where the implementation of large- scale dams has affected the rights of locals and indigenous and Afro- descendant communities Figure 11. Social conflicts and radicalisation levels by country 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Chile Venezuela 00 100 Ecuador Panama 200 300 Costa Rica El Salvador Colombia Guatemala Peru The Belo Monte Dam, currently, under construction, is one example. With a projected capacity of 11,233 MW,82 the size of the reservoir created will be 668 km2, approximately half the area of Rio de Janeiro city. The project has raised many environmental concerns. For example, it is estimated the project will decrease the flow of the Xingu River by 80% to 90%,83 which would undoubtedly translate into loss of biodiversity to the detriment of the Amazon Source: Calderón, 2012.80 biogenetic heritage. The displacement of 20,000 people to make way for the dam and waterways has initiated a migration process to local cities, causing the collapse of public services, increases in living expenses for the local population and other related social problems like prostitution and crime. The project has not been accompanied by an informed consultation process. Esther Vital of MAB said: ‘consultation mechanisms Uruguay Dominican Republic Honduras Paraguay Mexico Brazil Bolivia Argentina Number of conflicts Low-Carbon Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, experiences and challenges 25 Percentage of conflicts with high levels of radicalisation (%)PDF Image | Low-Carbon Development in Latin America
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