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7. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER Concentrating solar power (CSP) is a power generation technology that uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate the sun’s rays and, in most of today’s CSP systems, to heat a fluid and produce steam. The steam drives a turbine and generates power in the same way as conventional power plants. However, other concepts are being explored and not all future CSP plants will necessarily use a steam cycle. CSP plants can be divided into two groups, based on whether the solar collectors concentrate the sun rays along a focal line or on a single focal point (with much higher concentration factors). Line‐focusing systems include parabolic trough and linear Fresnel plants and have single‐ axis tracking systems. Point‐focusing systems include solar dish systems and solar tower plants and include two‐axis tracking systems to concentrate the power of the sun. Parabolic trough collectors (PTC) consist of solar collectors (mirrors), heat receivers and support structures. A single‐ axis tracking mechanism is used to orient both solar collectors and heat receivers toward the sun (A.T. Kearney and ESTELA, 2010). Most existing parabolic troughs use synthetic oils, which are stable up to around 360 to 400°C, as the heat transfer fluid. Some new plants use molten salt at 540°C either for heat transfer and/or as a thermal storage medium. High temperature molten salt may considerably improve the system’s thermal storage performance. Linear Fresnel collectors (LFCs) are similar to parabolic trough collectors, but use a series of long, flat, or slightly curved mirrors placed at different angles to concentrate sunlight on either side of a fixed receiver (located several metres above the primary mirror field). Unlike parabolic trough collectors, the focal line of Fresnel collectors is somewhat distorted and requires a mirror to be installed above the tube (a secondary reflector) to refocus any rays missing the tube, or several parallel tubes forming a multi‐tube receiver that is wide enough to capture most of the focussed sunlight without a secondary reflector. LFCs can use cheaper mirrors, lighter and cheaper support structures, and have lower capital costs than PTC systems, but have lower solar efficiency. Solar tower technologies use a ground‐based field of mirrors (heliostats) that track the sun individually in two axes to focus direct solar irradiation onto a receiver mounted high on a central tower where the light is captured and converted into heat. The heat then drives a thermo‐dynamic cycle, in most cases a water‐steam cycle, to generate electric power. Solar towers can achieve higher temperatures than parabolic trough and linear Fresnel systems, because more sunlight can be concentrated on a single receiver and the heat losses at that point can be minimised. By using molten salt as the heat transfer fluid the potential operating temperature can rise to between 550 and 650°C, sufficient to allow higher efficiency supercritical steam cycles and lowering the cost of thermal energy storage. However, this advantage needs to be balanced by the higher investment costs for super‐critical steam turbines. An alternative is direct steam generation (DSG), which eliminates the need and cost of heat transfer fluids, but this technology is at an early stage of development and storage concepts for use with DSG still need to be demonstrated and perfected. The key advantage of solar towers is their higher operating temperatures which allow low‐cost thermal energy storage to raise capacity factors and to achieve higher efficiency levels. This also allows a more flexible generation strategy to be pursued to maximise the value of the electricity generated. Given this, and other advantages, if costs can be reduced and operating experience gained, solar towers could potentially achieve significant market share in the future, despite PTC systems having dominated the market to date. Solar dish systems consists of a parabolic dish‐shaped concentrator (like a satellite dish) that reflects direct solar irradiation onto a receiver at the focal point of the dish. The receiver may be a Stirling engine (dish/engine systems) or a micro‐turbine. Stirling dish systems require the sun to be tracked in two axes, but the high energy concentration onto a single point can yield very high temperatures. Stirling dish systems are just beginning to be deployed at scale, with a 1 MW system at the Maricopa plant in Arizona, while a 1.5 MW system is under construction in Utah, also in the United States. 58 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An OverviewPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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