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100.00 22% price reduction for each doubling of cumulative volume 1979 1992 1998 2 0 2006 c-Si price increase due to polysilicon shortage 02 2004 2011 2012 10.00 1.00 0.10 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Cumulative production volume (MW) c-Si CdTe FIGURE 6.2: SOLAR PV MODULE COST LEARNING CURVE FOR CRYSTALLINE SILICON AND THIN-FILM SOURCE: BASED ON DATA FROM EPIA AND PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY PLATFORM, 2011; LIEBREICH, 2011; SOLOGICO, 2012 AND IRENA ANALYSIS. The rapid decline in c‐Si PV module prices due to overcapacity has put severe pressure on the thin‐film PV module market. Thin‐film PV manufacturers are struggling to compete against Chinese c‐Si modules that are not much more expensive than thin‐film PV modules, and have a higher efficiency and hence require lower BOS costs per MW. Whether specific technological advantages such as better performance in low light conditions or hot climates are sufficient to regain a competitive edge remains to be seen. 6.1.2 BALANCE OF SYSTEM COSTS The BoS costs and installation costs comprise the remaining capital costs for a PV system. BoS costs largely depend on the nature of the installation, with large‐utility‐scale projects typically being cheaper than large ground‐mounted commercial or residential systems, which are in turn cheaper than small‐scale rooftop residential systems. However, there are some exceptions, notably the addition of single or two‐axis tracking systems on utility‐scale projects to raise their capacity factor, and across different country markets, where the most competitive residential markets can rival the costs of utility‐scale projects in high‐cost countries. BoS and installation costs include: • The inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) PV output into alternating current (AC); • The components required for mounting and racking the PV system; • The combiner box and miscellaneous electrical components; • Site preparation and installation (i.e. roof preparation for residential systems, or site preparation for utility‐scale plants), labour, costs for installation and grid connection; • Battery storage for off‐grid systems; and • System design, management, installer overheads, permit fees, project development costs, customer acquisition costs, and any up‐front financing costs. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview 51 Global average module selling price (2011 USD/W)PDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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