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or other ancillary grid services. The latter strategy would involve higher costs and lower capacity factors, but where system flexibility is required it is likely to be the cheapest and most effective solution. Deciding which strategy to pursue for any given hydropower scheme design is highly dependent on the local market, structure of the power generation pool, grid capacity/constraints, the value of providing grid services, etc. More than perhaps in the case of any other renewable energy, the true economics of a given hydropower scheme will be driven by these factors, not just the amount of kWhs generated relative to the investment, as the value of peak generation and the provision of ancillary grid services can have a large impact on the economics of a hydropower project.23 23 This is without taking into account the other services being provided by the dam (e.g. flood control) that are not typically remunerated, but are an integral part of the projects purpose. Figure 5.7 presents the supply curve for the LCOE of 2 155 hydropower projects at undeveloped sites, existing dams without hydropower, and the expansion of existing hydropower schemes in the United States. It shows that many new hydropower projects are very competitive, despite nearly three‐quarters of the existing potential having already been exploited. The LCOE of the evaluated projects ranged from a low of just USD 0.012/kWh for additional capacity at an existing hydropower project to a high of USD 0.19/kWh for a 1 MW small hydro project with a capacity factor of 30%. The weighted average cost of all the sites evaluated was USD 0.048/kWh. The LCOE of 80% of the projects was between USD 0.018 and USD 0.085/kWh and roughly half were below USD 0.05/kWh. 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 assumes a 10% cost of capital 0 10 20 30 40 GW of cumulative capacity FIGURE 5.7: LEVELISED COST OF ELECTRICITY OF UNEXPLOITED HYDROPOWER RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES SOURCE: HALL, ET AL. 2003 AND IRENA ANALYSIS. 46 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview 2011 USD/kWhPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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