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Ocean Thermal Energy Finds a Home in Hawaii In 1974, the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii (later named NELHA) was established by the State of Hawaii legislature on a 322 acre area at Keahole Point on the Big Island as a support facility for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) research. If successful, NELHA would “prove the feasibility and usefulness of OTEC as an alternative non-polluting power source” (“Deep,” 2010). In 1979, the first successful project was an at-sea, closed-cycle OTEC operation conducted aboard the Mini-OTEC, a converted Navy barge operating in waters off Keahole Point, Hawaii. This plant operated for three months and generated up to 55 kW of gross power. About 40 kW were required to pump up 2700 gallons/min of 42°F water from 2200-ft depth through a 24-in diameter polyethylene pipe and an additional 2700 gallons/min of 79°F surface water, leaving a maximum net power output of 15 kW. This preceded a shore based project by NELHA in 1980. Shore based Ocean Thermal Power Generation and seawater cooling techniques were proven at NELHA utilizing a series of pipelines that were constructed to draw warm surface seawater from 45 feet and deep cold seawater from 2000 feet. The deep ocean pipeline transitions from land under the shore break and then protrudes out the seawall where it is laid at an incline on the seabed down to the 2000 feet. On a visit to the NELHA facilities, the author learned that in 2006, the cold water pipe, which protruded from the seawall under the surf break, was experiencing unusually warmer water temperatures. This change in temperature coincided with a 2006 earthquake in the area. Subsequent investigation revealed a crack in the pipe near the protruding elbow joint. This crack has been repaired and the facility is in full operation. This experience raises a concern for the vulnerability of surface laid piping. Although there is room for improvement for the overall design of the applications, it is noteworthy that “NELHA is ‘landlord’ to nearly 30 thriving enterprises which generate about $30-40 million per year in total economic impact, including tax revenues, over 200 jobs, construction activity and high value product exports” (“NELHA,” 2010). NELHA is an excellent model for the sustainable future necessary in the 21st century however also demonstrates the need to mitigate the vulnerability of OTEC to Mother Nature’s violence. Early Adopters of Hydrothermal Cooling The NELHA experience spawned a group of ocean energy pioneers and, despite the US Government’s abandonment of support for OTEC, these pioneers concentrated on cooling with deep lake water or deep seawater. These projects are collectively known as “hydrothermal cooling.” As of 2010, there are four major hydrothermal cooling plants installed around the world. The Purdy’s Wharf Complex in Halifax, Nova Scotia cooled a small office complex (“Seawater,” 1992). Cornell University, has followed suit with a Lake Source Cooling (LSC) System that provides approximately 18,000 to 20,000 tons (63,300 to 70,340 kW) of cooling For over a decade, the Cornell campus Lake Source Cooling Commercially Viable But Reveals Risk of Piping Deployment Figure 1 The 1997 Toronto Canada, Enwave Deep Lake Water Cooling project is a breakthrough project in hydrothermal cooling. The HDPE pipe with concrete collars was floated out onto Lake Ontario and submersed in a controlled process. The 39oF (4oC) lake water is used to produce more than 59,000 tons (~207,500 kW) of natural cooling. The video of the historic installation told of tense moments in the installation when the wind precariously increased, perhaps risking the entire project. Page | 3PDF Image | Hydrothermal Energy
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