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INTRODUCTION The challenge facing current and future generations is curbing CO2 emissions while satisfying an increasing demand for energy, water and food. This challenge is being addressed with the use of alternative energy resources in places such as Boise Idaho where geothermal energy, or heat from the earth, is providing natural hot water to heat homes or in California where natural steam fields are producing power for buildings. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) was conceived in 1881, with successful demonstration OTEC projects occurring in the latter part of the 20th century. Using temperature differences that occur naturally in large bodies of water, the foremost current commercial benefit of this technology is seawater or lake- source cooling, collectively known as hydrothermal cooling. The Natural Energy Laboratory in Hawaii (NELHA) is home to ocean energy research and nearly 30 thriving tenant businesses generating revenue from ocean water. This paper proposes the integration of technologies from other energy producing fields into the process of acquiring Hydrothermal Energy, thereby effectively increasing the overall system efficiency and sustainability. In particular, the integration of directional drilling from the petroleum industry and tunnel boring in the hydro-electric industry are explored. The author cites eight commercial benefits that may be derived by taping natural resources of water with a minimum temperature difference of 20oC (36oF). The paper concludes with a suggested business model to spur the diffusion of this technology. The main purpose of the paper is to increase awareness of this alternative energy opportunity as a prelude to further research and eventual commercialization. HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY Hydrothermal Energy is the process of obtaining heat or energy from a large body of water. “Heat” should not be associated with high temperature but rather a relative temperature difference. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a subset of what is termed Hydrothermal Energy in this paper. These OTEC plants may be applied from floating platforms or coastal bases. As a means of leveraging more commercial applicability, Hydrothermal Energy is addressed in this paper with reference to seaside or lakeside based applications. Readers should understand that water reaches its maximum density at a temperature of approximately 39oF (4oC). Colder, less dense water naturally exists adjacent to this heavy layer (“Properties” 2011). Many coastal regions have both deep cold water and warm surface water resources available. Most air conditioning processes are a two phase process but HVAC professionals understand that the process, in its simplest form, uses a working fluid (such as R-134a) and electricity powering a compressor, to create a temperature difference. The reverse of this process, or the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), is familiar to ocean energy professionals, where a minimum temperature difference of 36oF (20oC) in water, may be used with a working fluid (such as R-290) and an ORC turbine, to create electricity. This process, therefore, enables many coastal communities with access to cold and warm water to dual purpose the water that is transported to shore for both cooling and power generation. The concept of generating electricity from ocean temperature difference was first introduced in 1881 by Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval and the first practical demonstration was in 1930. French innovator Georges Claude, was enthralled with the potential of ocean energy when he convinced Cuban dictator, Gerardo Machado, to build ocean thermal power plants that “could light up not only the entire island and its new industry but also deliver surplus power to Florida by undersea cable” (Chiles 2009). Matanzas Bay, Cuba was selected for its relatively close proximity to cold and warm water. Starting in August of 1929, six foot diameter steel pipes in 70 foot sections were welded together and floated out to sea on pontoons in three sections when a storm hit and sank most of the pipe. Subsequent attempts to deploy the pipes by Georges Claude’s team similarly ended in a complete loss of the pipes. In the fourth and final attempt, Claude ordered more piping from France but this time from his own account and now dwindling fortune. In September 1930, the pipe was laid successfully but not as deep as planned and consequently with lower temperature differential. The power plant ran for 11 days and produced enough power to light forty 500 watt light bulbs (Chiles 2009). Investors viewed this as too little return compared to the risk. Although these attempts proved to be unsuccessful, valuable lessons were learned from Claude’s misfortunes. These lessons would be applied in future applications. Page | 2PDF Image | Hydrothermal Energy
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