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The components which contact external fluids (hot spring water, river water, chill brine) are constructed of stainless steel. Other internal cycle components are carbon steel. The chill brine is a CaCl2 solution, to allow temperatures down to –45.5°C. The brine circulates through an air handler, which cools an annular space in the ice hotel between the ice walls and the external insulation. With 73oC hot spring water (322 lpm), and 4.4oC (303 lpm) river water, the brine is delivered at –28.9°C (208 lpm) and the temperature in the ice hotel is maintained at a constant –4.4oC. SYSTEM OVERVIEW The overall system includes: 3 ?? 2 insulated air handling units, capable of delivering 226.5 m /min at –17.8°C ?? 7,571 liter chill brine storage tank ?? 45 meters of insulated 7.6 cm pipe (runs to a nearby stream for cooling water) ?? 454 meters of insulated 7.6 cm pipe (runs to the geothermal well) ?? backup vapor compression refrigeration system, which requires a portable 300 kW generator for startup and operation o The hot spring water is cooled to 63 C in the absorption unit, and is subsequently used to heat a large greenhouse and an outdoor pool. SYSTEM OPERATION The system was installed in late February, 2005 and was initially operated as a two pressure system. After two months of nearly flawless operation, the system was reconfigured to operate in three pressure mode as originally designed, in order to meet the load requirements for summertime operation. While there have been some minor setbacks and unanticipated complications, the system has operated with about 95% availability since installation. A few factors have contributed to decreased system performance at times, all of which are solvable. The system was designed for a cooling water supply temperature of 4.4oC, however there is considerable diurnal variation ino supply water temperature from the creek. Not surprisingly, the warmest creek temperatures (~7.2 C) occur in mid-afternoon, simultaneous to the highest Ice Museum cooling load requirements. This results in a decrease in system efficiency. In the future, the owners of the resort plan to use a shallow cold water well for the cooling water supply, with a stable downhole temperature of 3.9oC. Another factor contributing to a decrease in system efficiency is the need for frequent defrost of the air handlers. An automated CaCl2 drip system was installed, but never operated properly. As a consequence, a manual defrost has to be initiated several times per day. If the air handlers are not defrosted on a regular basis, the brine temperature drops to the point where the system crashes (around –34.4oC). This problem is being addressed by building a bypass duct for each air handler, while simultaneously installing a low brine temperature automatic shutdown for the chiller to prevent a system crash. SYSTEM ECONOMICS While the absorption chiller per se uses only 1.84 kW to operate circulating pumps for the ammonia-water mixture, an additional 14.7 kW are required to operate the cold and geothermal supply pumps, 1.84 kW are required for the CaCl2 brine circulating pump, and 14.7 kW are required for the air handler. In total, the absorption system requires 32.4 kW, while the backup vapor compression system requires 108.9 kW to operate. This results in fuel cost savings alone of $360 per day, or more than $10,000 per month at current fuel prices ($0.57 per liter bulk diesel). CONCLUSIONS 2PDF Image | YEAR ROUND ICE HOTEL CHILLED BY HOT SPRING WATER
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