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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES Environmental issues that could adversely affect the future development of geothermal resources include water requirements, air quality, waste disposal, subsidence, noise pollution, location and siting issues and, possibly, seismicity from production and injection. Environmental considerations, specifically as they apply to the situation in the United States are discussed below. (Adapted from Lund, EIA and other sources). 17.6.3.1 Carbon Dioxide The United States, with the world's largest economy, is also the world's largest single source of anthropogenic (human-caused) greenhouse gas emissions. Quantitatively, the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels (i.e., oil, coal, natural gas) are burned. Current projections indicate that US emissions of carbon dioxide will reach 5,985 million metric tons in 2005, an increase of 1,083 million metric tons from the 4,902 million metric tons emitted in 1990, and around one-fourth of total world energy-related carbon emissions. Power Plants Today's hydrothermal power plants with modern emissions controls have minimal impact on the environment and release little or no CO2. On average, CO2 is released in direct steam and flash systems at a typical rate of 55.5 metric tons per gigawatt hour, or at approximately 11 percent of the rate for gas-fired steam electric plants (EIA). (This is ignored in the calculation below). Total generation is estimated at 15.345 billion kilowatt hours in 2003. [Section 17.3.2]. Coal fired plants release approximately 1 metric ton of CO2 per MWh for coal fired plants and .759 tonnes per MWhr for oil-fired plants. On this basis, geothermal power plants displace 15.3 million tonnes of CO2 (coal plants) and 11.65 million tonnes (oil plants), respectively. (To obtain an estimate of the million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) displaced by 15,345 billion kilowatt hours of annual geothermal electricity generation; assume a heat rate for oil of 10,000 Btu/kWhr and an energy content of 43 million Btu per tonne of oil. Then, heat rate times geothermal generation divided by energy content of oil per barrel yields 35.7 million tonnes of oil (MTOE).) Direct Use It was reported in November 2003 (EIA REA 2002), based on unpublished data from the Geo-Heat Center, that geothermal direct use was 9500 TJ in 2002. If it is assumed that the annual growth rate over the last two years has been 8% annually then direct use geothermal (excluding geothermal heat pumps) will contribute 11000 TJ in 2004. Based on the assumptions used by Lund (Geothermal Direct-Use in the United States in 2000, Lund and Boyd, GeoHeat Center); direct use of geothermal energy in 2004 is equivalent to saving 0.65 million tonnes of fuel oil per year. This produces a savings of 255,000 tonnes (natural gas) and 1,274,000 tonnes (coal) of carbon pollution. This assumes the replacement energy would have been provided by electricity. GHP Lund shows US installed thermal capacity of geothermal heat pumps at 6300 MWt producing 6300 GWh/yr (assumes 1000 hours of operation in the heating mode) in 2003. Lund also says the world total of 18,000 GWh saves 5.4 million TOE, which is a savings of about 16 million tonnes of CO2. Thus the respective numbers for the United States are 6300 GWh/18,000 GWh x 5.4 million tonnes of oil = 1.89 tonnes of oil and 5.6 million tonnes of CO2. If cooling mode is included (at same number of hours as heating) then the numbers double to 3.78 million tonnes of oil and 11.2 million tonnes of CO2. (Lund et al, GHC Bulletin, September 2004). IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 127PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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