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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES SWITZERLAND regulation. These authorities also cover the aspects of groundwater protection. In groundwater protection zones, as delimited in special maps, absolutely no GHP types can be established; the systems with shallow horizontal coils are no exception. The basic concern of groundwater protection authorities is: a) the risk of leakage of circulated fluid (usually with some antifreeze) from BHE or horizontal pipes b) the risk of establishing vertical hydraulic connections between separate aquifer layers through improper backfill of drillings. The first priority in groundwater use is for drinking water. Domestic hot water is also produced from this supply. Much of the household water in Switzerland comes from extended gravel aquifers, mainly located at valley bottoms. Incidentally, such gravel layers (now often mapped as groundwater protection zones) have low thermal conductivity, which makes the heat extraction from the ground for energetic use inefficient: e.g. the heat extraction rate for BHEs depends directly on the ground thermal conductivity (see e.g. Rybach and Eugster, 1998). Therefore, it is technically unfeasible to establish vertical (BHE) or horizontal pipes in such formations and so a conflict situation between energy source and groundwater protection aspects does not exist. 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 436692 BHE fields Single BHE Total 101000 241163 301514 413109 491828 00 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Figure 16.4 Development of drilling for borehole heat exchangers in Switzerland (total of drilled meters per year). (From Signorelli, et al., 2004). Switzerland consists of 23 cantons and several cantonal water protection authorities have established maps for delimiting various zones. Some examples, which demonstrate that so far there is no uniformity in such maps, follow. Canton Bern: A printed map on 1:100,000 scale was published in 1998 by the Wasser- und Energiewirtschaftsamt des Kantons Bern. It shows: • groundwater protection zones where the installation of GHPs is prohibited • zones where GHP with groundwater source can be installed • zones where GHP with horizontal pipes and with BHE can be installed IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 99 Drilling metersPDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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