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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES SWITZERLAND The statistical survey reveals that GHPs contributed 781 GWh in 2004, over 66 % of the total geothermal heat production (Table 16.2). Total energy produced was 1,190 GWh. Table 16.2 The heat production in 2004 from direct use in Switzerland. Energy Source/Use GHP with borehole heat exchangers (incl. shallow horizontal coils) GHP with groundwater Thermal springs/boreholes (balneology) Deep aquifers Tunnel waters Deep borehole heat exchangers Geostructures Total * Heating: 12.2 GWh, cooling: 3.0 GWh 16.3.2.3 Category Use Heat Produced in Percent of Total 2003 (GWh) (%) 666.3 56.0 114.4 9.6 341.5 28.7 37.2 3.1 13.7 1.2 0.9 0.1 15.2* 1.3 1,189.2 100.0 The various categories of use are listed in Tables 16.1 and 16.2. No significant new categories have emerged in 2004. 16.3.2.4 New Developments During 2004 Increasing demand is now emerging for combined heating and cooling. For this, geothermal heat pumps are well suited. Often “free cooling” circulating the heat carrier in the BHEs without running the heat pump is sufficient to create a comfortable indoor environment. It can be expected that in coming years the geothermal option for space cooling will significantly penetrate the market. 16.3.2.5 Rates and Trends in Development The installation of GHP systems in Switzerland has proceeded rapidly since their introduction in the late 1970s. Figures 16.2 and 16.3 show the impressive growth. The rapid spreading of GHPs calls for quality control. The elaboration of a quality label for the entire GHP system (heat source like borehole heat exchanger, heat pump (HP), circulation hydraulics, heating circuit) is still in progress. 16.3.2.6 Drilling Activities In 2004, a large number of wells (several thousand) were drilled to install double U-tube borehole heat exchangers (BHE) in the ground. The average BHE drilling depth is now around 150-200 m, though depths > 300 m are becoming more common. Average BHE cost (frilling, U-tube installation including backfill) is now about 40 around 40 € per meter. Figure 16.4 shows the increasing trend; in 2003 over 550 km (!) of drillholes were deepened for BHEs. Since 2003, drilling for the category of BHE arrays (i.e. sites with > 10 BHEs and > 1000 m drilling) is separately registered (Signorelli, et al., 2004). IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 97PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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