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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES SYNOPSIS CO2 emission of 2.8 Mt. Total direct use of geothermal water as of March 2002 was about 1,430 GWh (5,139 TJ), excluding bathing, and is equivalent to a savings of 0.12 Mtoe. The government has taken a leading role in the development of geothermal resources by providing compensation for interest on bank credits to support developers undertaking well drilling (requires large investment at early stage); and construction of production and reinjection wells, ground facilities and binary power generation facilities. In addition, NEDO continues its programme to support geothermal development by funding surveys in prospective areas where investigations are of high risk; and NEF assists with the business of developing new energy sources. The Japanese government implemented the Renewable Portfolio Standard system in 2003. It requires electricity utilities to procure a certain percentage of electricity from renewable resources, including geothermal. Electricity businesses can trade the excess or deficiency of renewable energies versus the target, in the form of securities. Geothermal research in Japan during 2004 dealt mainly with the comprehensive evaluation of EGS power generation (AIST) and international cooperative investigations into the use of acidic geothermal fluids (NEDO). Japan offers a doctoral geothermal programme at Kyushu University, which was initiated following the closure, in 2001, of the International Group Training Course on Geothermal Energy that operated for over 30 years and trained almost 400 specialists from 37 countries. 7.3.7 Mexico Geothermal energy is mainly used for electricity generation in Mexico. In 2004, the installed capacity was 953 MWe (third largest in the world) and 6,360 GWh was generated, about 3% of Mexico’s total electricity production. Assuming the typical mix of fuel oil, natural gas and coal in electricity generation, geothermal electricity generation saved 36, 15.9 and 8.9 PJ, respectively. There is a small amount of direct use, 164 MWt, mainly for balneology. In Mexico, geothermal energy is considered a mature technology, thus it competes on an equal basis with fossil fuels, hydro and nuclear. Consequently, there are no incentives for its development. However, the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) is pursuing feasibility studies for increasing installed capacity and replacing some of the older power plants. Most research continues to be focused on the development and exploitation of geothermal resources for power generation, hence, is mainly aimed at improving knowledge of fields and predicting their behaviour during exploitation. A geothermal training programme is offered at The University of the State of Baja California, however, most engineers and geologists are provided on-the-job training. 7.3.8 New Zealand In New Zealand, geothermal energy continues to play an important role in both electric power production and direct use. As of October 2004, the geothermal installed capacity was 452 MWe, with 2,774 GWh produced and contributing about 7% of the country’s total generation. In 2004, the direct use installed capacity amounted to over 300 MWt, with about 1,970 GWh (7,090 TJ) utilized in applications that included pulp and paper production (210 MWt), timber drying, prawn breeding, glasshouse heating and tourism. In 2004, new power developments were under construction at Mokai (40 MWe) and Wairakei (15 MWe). IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 49PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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