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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES SYNOPSIS CHAPTER 7 Synopsis of National Activities 7.1 Introduction This chapter, which is based on the national activities reports presented in Chapters 8-17, provides a brief summary of the geothermal state of affairs in the Member Countries and EC for 2004. It generally includes: national policy; current status of geothermal energy use (both for electricity generation and direct use); market development, stimulation and constraints; economics; research activities; education and international cooperation. The status of geothermal installed capacity, electricity generated and direct use for 2004 are provided in Table 7.1 for the Member Countries. 7.2 The Context Geothermal energy is used for the production of electricity and for direct heat applications such as district heating, agricultural drying, industrial processes, green house and aquaculture pond heating, bathing and swimming and snow melting. In 2004, electricity was being generated from geothermal sources in 24 countries, with a total installed capacity of 8,900 MWe (Bertani, 2005). At the end of 2004, the installed thermal power was estimated to be about 27,830 MWt, with 71 countries reporting the use of 261,420 TJ/yr (72,600 GWh/yr) (Lund, et al., 2005). There is considerable potential for a growth in geothermal electricity generation and it is possible that 5% of the global electricity could be supplied by 2020. The installed thermal power doubled between 1995 and 2000, and again between 2000 and 2005, and this significant growth is expected to continue, especially will the increasing interest in the use of geothermal heat pumps. In 2004, the worldwide use of geothermal energy for electricity generation and direct uses saved the equivalent of about 28 million tonnes of oil (Mtoe) and reduced CO2 emissions by about 92 million tonnes (Mongillo, 2005). The use of geothermal energy provides many benefits: low emissions of pollutants such as particulates and greenhouse gases, especially CO2; less dependence on imported fuels, hence reduced problems caused by their price fluctuations; increased security and more diversity in supply; independence from weather oscillations; effective distributed application in both on and off grid developments, especially useful in rural electrification schemes; and more employment and opportunity for industry and the local population through equipment supply and plant construction and servicing. To achieve these benefits, barriers to geothermal development must be overcome. This requires: the improvement of technologies for the use of geothermal energy; an improvement in the understanding of the environmental benefits and how to avoid or minimize the drawbacks; the ability to better characterize geothermal resources; and the distribution of information about geothermal energy and its benefits to governments, industry, the utilities and financial communities and the general public. Success in these endeavours will help to make geothermal development more cost-effective, aid in the penetration of the marketplace and increase the use of geothermal energy. IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 45PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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