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Session 1 GEOTHERMALL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: POSSIBILITIES, TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY IN CENTRAL EUROPEAN REGION Ruggero Bertani: GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL MWth. Figure 1 shows the installed ca- shows the installed capacity for electricity pacity and the geothermal energy in the production in 2007 in different countries. different continents in 2004. Figure 2 Figure 1. Installed capacity (left) and energy production (right) for geothermal electricity generation and direct use (heating) in the different continents; the Americas include North, Central and South America. (from Fridleifsson and Ragnarsson 2007). Figure 2. Installed capacity for electricity production in 2007 in different countries (Bertani, 2007). The world geothermal electricity pro- duction increased by 16% from 1999 to 2004 (annual growth rate of 3%). Direct use in-creased by 43% from 1999 to 2004 (annual growth rate of 7.5%). Only a small fraction of the geothermal potential has been developed so far, and there is ample opportunity for an increased use of geo- thermal energy both for direct applications and electricity production (Gawell et al. 1999). The installed electrical capacity achi- eved an increase of about 800 MWe in the three year term 2005-2007, following the rough standard linear trend of approxi- mately 200/250 MWe per year (Figure 3). Geothermal energy has until recently had a considerable economic potential only in areas where thermal water or steam is found concentrated at depths less than 3 km in restricted volumes, analogous to oil in commercial oil reservoirs (Cataldi, 1999, Fridleifsson, 1999). This has changed in the last two decades with the development of power plants that can economically uti- lise lower temperature resources (around 100°C) and the emergence of ground source heat pumps using the earth as a heat source for heating or as a heat sink for cooling, depending on the season. This has made it possible for all countries to use the heat of the earth for heating and/or cooling, as appropriate. It should be stressed that heat pumps can be used basically everywhere. 3PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL
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