PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
Proceedings of the International Conference on NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY USE and International Course/EGEC Busiess Seminar on ORGANIZATION OF SUCCESSFUL DEVELEOPMENT OF A GEOTHERMAL PROJECT, K. Popovski, A.Vranovska, S. Popovska Vasilevska, Editors ing etc.) has been reported by 72 countries. By the end of 2004, the worldwide use of geothermal energy was 57 TWh/yr of electricity and 76 TWh/yr for direct use. Ten developing countries are among the top fifteen countries in geothermal electri- city production. Six developing countries are among the top fifteen countries report- ing direct use. China is at the top of the latter list. It is considered possible to in- crease the installed world geothermal elec- tricity capacity from the current 10 GW to 70 GW with present technology, and to 140 GW with enhanced technology. Enhanced Geothermal Systems, which are still at the experimental level, have enormous potential for primary energy recovery using new heat-exploitation tech- nology to extract and utilise the Earth’s stored thermal energy. Present investment cost in geothermal power stations is 2-4.5 million euro/MWe, and the generation cost 40-100 euro/MWh. Direct use of geothermal energy for heating is also commercially competitive with conventional energy sources. Scenarios for future development show only a moderate increase in traditional direct use applications of geothermal resources, but an exponential increase is foreseen in the heat pump sector, as geo- thermal heat pumps can be used for heating and/or cooling in most parts of the world. CO2 emission from geothermal power plants in high-temperature fields is about 120 g/kWh (weighted average of 85% of the world power plant capacity). Geothermal heat pumps driven by fossil fuelled electricity reduce the CO2 emission by at least 50% compared with fossil fuel fired boilers. If the electricity that drives the geothermal heat pump is produced from a renewable energy source like hydropower or geothermal energy the emission savings are up to 100%. Geothermal energy is available day and night every day of the year and can thus serve as a supplement to energy sources which are only available intermit- tently. Renewable energy sources can con- tribute significantly more to the mitigation of climate change by cooperating than by competing. The most important source of informa- tion for this contribution is a position pa- per of the International Geothermal Asso- ciation (IGA) presented at the IPPC Meet- ing on Renewable Energy Sources (Frid- leifsson et al., 2008). The cost analysis is based on a very detailed Geothermal Energy Association paper (GEA, 2005). PRESENT STATUS Although geothermal energy is catego- rised in international energy tables am- ongst the “new renewables”, it is not a new energy source at all. People have used hot springs for bathing and washing clothes since the dawn of civilisation in many parts of the world. An excellent book has been published with historical records and stories of geothermal utilisation from all over the world (Cataldi et al., 1999). Electricity has been generated com- mercially by geothermal steam since 1913, and geothermal energy has been used on the scale of hundreds of MW for five decades both for electricity generation and direct use. The utilisation has increased rapidly during the last three decades. Geothermal resources have been identified in some 90 countries and there are quan- tified records of geothermal utilisation in 72 countries. Summarised information on geothermal use in the individual countries for electricity production and direct use (heating) is available in Bertani (2005) and Lund et al. (2005), respectively. Electricity is produced by geothermal energy in 24 countries. Five of these countries obtain 15-22% of their national electricity pro- duction from geothermal (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Iceland, Kenya and the Philip- pines). In 2004, the worldwide use of geothermal energy was about 57 TWh/yr of electricity, and 76 TWh/yr for direct use. The installed electric capacity in 2004 was 8,933 MWe. The installed capacity for direct applications in 2004 was 28,268 2PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIAL
PDF Search Title:
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: AN OVERVIEW ON RESOURCES AND POTENTIALOriginal File Name Searched:
I.1.Bertani.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |