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systems thereby making it possible to more easily identify the fracture zones for exploitation of the geothermal energy. THEORY Geothermal energy refers to the stored thermal energy in, or heat produced from, the Earth’s interior. The geothermal gradient is defined as the rate of increase in temperature per unit depth in the Earth. Although this gradient varies from place to place, it averages 25 to 30°C/km in most regions, but can be several times greater in high-grade geothermal regions. Any fluid produced from a geothermal well is termed a geofluid. Geothermal fluids may be dry or superheated steam, pressurized liquid, or a mixture of liquid and vapor, usually accompanied by dissolved solids and non-condensable gases. Large quantities of heat that are economically extractable tend to be concentrated in places where hot or even molten rock (magma) exists at relatively shallow depths (<5km) in the Earth’s outermost layer (the crust). Such “hot” zones generally are near the boundaries of the dozen or so slabs of rigid rocks (called plates) that form the Earth’s lithosphere which is composed of the Earth’s crust and the uppermost, solid part of the underlying denser, hotter layer (the mantle). The high temperatures of these geothermal fluids are enhanced by the friction created as tectonic plates grind against each other, fracturing rocks and thus allowing water to circulate at depth and transport heat toward the Earth’s surface. Accordingly, the plate- boundary zones and hot spot regions are prime areas for high-temperature hydrothermal-convection systems. The existence of a naturally occurring geothermal reservoir, otherwise known as a hydrothermal system, requires three components: heat, fluid and permeability. Most aqueous fluids are derived from surface waters that have percolated into the earth along permeable pathways such as faults. Openings in the rocks are compressed by the weight of the overburden as depth increases, hence the permeability and as a result, the amount of fluid tends to decrease as depth increases. When extracting geothermal fluids the geological properties of the rocks and, in particular, the rock porosity and permeability, which depend upon the occurrence of pores, fractures, joints, faults, and other openings in the rock, need to be considered. For a given reservoir temperature, the greater the porosity and permeability of a hydrothermal system, the more efficient its production of available water and thus energy yield will be. ELECTRICITY GENERA TION Geothermal power plants use superheated fluids from the earth’s geothermal sources to generate electricity. The natural heat in the earth which originates from molten rock called magma creates the geothermal resource. The accumulation of rainwater in the earth’ s surface forms the underground reservoir. When the fluid meets the magma, it becomes a superheated fluid. To reach the superheated fluid (from which the thermal energy is extracted), production wells are drilled 3 to 5 km into the Earth’s crust. The relatively high pressure of the superheated fluid naturally propels it from the geothermal resource to the earth’s surface where it is may be used to generate electricity for homes and businesses. As high pressured geothermal fluid flows towards the surface, the pressure decreases, causing a small portion to ‘flash’ into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines to generate electricity; all remaining geothermal fluids are injected back into the reservoir for reuse. PLATE TECTONICS & GEOTHERMAL “HOT SPOTS” In any geothermal power generation project, whether it a low-or-high enthalpy system, it is very important to understand the geology, structural and tectonic regime of the area, and subsurface characteristics based on surface geophysical methods, as well as geochemical characteristics of the geothermal waters and gases.( Chandrasekharam, D. & Bundschuh, J. 2008). A map illustrating the “Ring of Fire” is shown below in Figure 2, along which active volcanoes are common and earthquakes occur frequently. Approximately 10,000 MW of commercial geothermal power capacity developed worldwide to date is established almost exclusively within the Ring of Fire. Hence this ring is an area in the Pacific Ocean that is prone to volcanic and earthquake activity. It is also called the “Ring of Geothermal Energy”, since numerous high-temperature geothermal systems are associated with active volcanoes. The Caribbean region is part of this ring. The reason for the active volcanism in the Caribbean islands is that they occupy a crustal plate which isPDF Image | CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CARIBBEAN
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