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The limits given above are general guidelines to avoid most corrosion mechanisms. Since stainless steel is less likely to corrode in tap water than copper, these levels were determined mainly by copper corrosion. Normally, stainless steel will only corrode in tap water with both high chloride levels and elevated temperature. The parameters that determine corrosion and additional species-specific guidance (including a special caution on chloride, Table 5) are detailed below: • Temperature: In general, an increase in temperature will increase the corrosion rate. For copper, the likelihood of pitting is higher at temperatures above 60°C. Stainless steel is also at risk of stress corrosion cracking at temperatures above 60°C. This applies mainly to the pre-heater and evaporator of the Green Machine. See additional discussion of temperature and chloride pitting of stainless steel below. • pH: The risk of corrosion due to pH is lowest when the pH is between 9.0 and 9.5. In normal tap water, pH is around 7.0; it is recommended to avoid acidic water (pH below 7.0). Ammonia should not be used for pH conditioning due to the risk of copper corrosion. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or tri- sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) may be used to increase the pH of the water. • Water Hardness: Copper is susceptible to corrosion in very soft water and the [Ca2+, Mg2+] / [HCO3] ratio should be less than 0.5. See next section on deposits and scaling. • Conductivity: High conductivity in tap water indicates that the water has a high concentration of ionic substances in general. An increase in conductivity will increase the galvanic corrosion rate. A maximum conductivity of 500μS/cm is an appropriate limit value for most metals. • Alkalinity: If the amount of hydrogen carbonate is very low (i.e. below 60 mg/L), products from copper corrosion will dissolve and be released into the system. It is also recommended to not exceed an HCO - concentration of 300 mg/L. See next section on deposits and scaling. 3 • Oxygen: If the oxygen content is high, the risk of corrosion will increase. The recommended oxygen level is less than 0.02 mg/L, however the oxygen content is often higher in practice, especially for evaporative cooling towers. To limit the risk of corrosion due to high oxygen levels, meeting the other guidelines of Table 3 and Table 5 is generally sufficient. • Chloride: The presence of chloride in water increases the risk of localized corrosion (pitting) of stainless steel. The limit is temperature dependent as shown in Table 5. Table 5 - Recommended Chloride Limits at Various Temperatures Temperature 25°C 50°C 80°C >100°C Chloride Limit 1000mg/L 300mg/L 100mg/L 0mg/L • Sulfate: High concentrations of sulfate will increase the risk of pitting in copper. A maximum sulphate concentration of 100 mg/L is recommended, but corrosion can also take place at lower concentrations if [HCO -] / [SO 2-] is less than 1. 34 • Nitrate: Nitrate ions have an influence similar to that of sulfate. A maximum concentration of 100 mg/L is recommended. Copyright © ElectraTherm, Inc. 2013. All Rights Reserved. REV 02 - 05/02/2013 Page | 17PDF Image | Waste Heat to Power System Product Data and Specification Guide
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