PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 001
THE STATUS AND FUTURE OF GEOTHERMAL ELECTRIC POWER Charles F. Kutscher National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401 e-mail: chuck_kutscher@nrel.gov ABSTRACT Geothermal electricity production in the United States began in 1960. Today there are over 20 plants in the western United States providing a total of about 2,200 MW of clean and reliable electricity. Currently identified resourcescouldprovideover20,000MWofpowerinthe U.S., and undiscovered resources might provide 5 times that amount. In the 1990s industry growth slowed due to the loss of market incentives and competition from natural gas. However, increased interest in clean energy sources, ongoing technological improvements, and renewed opportunities abroad hold promise for a resurgence in the industry. This review paper covers the status of the technology, the issues faced, and the latest research. While the focus is on geothermal in the U.S., a brief description of the large international market is included. 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Geothermal energy can be defined as heat that originates within the earth. This heat occurs from a combination of two sources: the original heat produced from the formation of the earth by gravitational collapse and the heat produced by the radioactive decay of various isotopes. Because the thermal conductivity of rock is so low, it is taking many billions of years for the earth to cool. Geothermal resources can be divided into four types: hydrothermal, geopressured, hot dry rock, and magma. Except for geothermal (or ground-source) heat pumps, which utilize the heat contained in shallow soil, all existing uses of geothermal energy make use of hydrothermal resources, which consist of some combination of hot water and steam located in permeable rock. The hot geothermal fluid is used for direct heating applications such as spas, greenhouses, district heating and the like. If the resource temperatureisgreaterthanabout90 C,itcanbeutilizedto generate electricity, the subject of this paper. A map of U.S. geothermal resources is shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1: Geothermal resources map of the U.S. The darkest regions represent hydrothermal resources with temperaturesabove100 C,whicharesuitablefor electricity generation. (Geo-Heat Center) Although geothermal energy has been used for direct heating purposes since ancient times, its use for the generation of electricity began only in the 20th century. The first experiments to make use of geothermal energy to generate electricity occurred in Larderello, Tuscany, Italy in 1904. A 250 kWe geothermal power plant began operation there in 1913.PDF Image | STATUS AND FUTURE OF GEOTHERMAL ELECTRIC POWER
PDF Search Title:
STATUS AND FUTURE OF GEOTHERMAL ELECTRIC POWEROriginal File Name Searched:
geothermalstatus.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |