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How Fuel Cells Work In essence, fuel cells are electrochemical devices that combine fuel with oxygen from the ambient air to produce electricity and heat, as well as water. The non-combustion, electrochemical process is a direct form of fuel-to-energy conversion, and is much more efficient than conventional heat engine approaches. CO2 is reduced, due to the high efficiency of the fuel cell, and the absence of combustion avoids the production of NOx and particulate pollutants. Fuel cells incorporate an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte in between, similar to a battery. The material used for the electrolyte and the design of the supporting structure determine the type and performance of the fuel cell. Figure 1 illustrates the process for FuelCell Energy (FCE) Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC). Fuel and air reactions for the molten carbonate Direct FuelCell occur at the anode and cathode, which are porous nickel (Ni) catalysts. The cathode side receives oxygen from the surrounding air. As can be seen in Figure 1, hydrogen is created in the fuel cell stack through a reforming process, which produces hydrogen from the reforming reaction between the hydrocarbon fuel and water. The gas is then consumed electrochemically in a reaction with carbonate electrolyte ions that produces water and electrons. The electrons flow through an external circuit to provide the power to the fuel cell load, and then return to be con- sumed in the cathode electrochemical reaction. The O2 supplied to the cathode, along with CO2 recycled from the anode side, reacts with the electrons to produce carbonate ions that pass through the electrolyte to support the anode reaction. The electron flow through the external circuit produces the desired power (DC current). An inverter is used to convert the DC output to AC. Catalytic Oxidizer Residual Fuel in Anode Exhaust is Used in Catalytic Oxidizer to Preheat Cathode Air Figure 2. Block Diagram of a Molten Carbonate Direct FuelCell Inverter Figure 1. Fuel Cell Processes for a Direct FuelCell Hydrocarbon Fuel STEAM e_ e_ INTERNAL REFORMING CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2 ANODE 4H2 + 4CO3 4H2O + 4CO2 + 8e CATALYST ELECTROLYTE CATALYST CATHODE 2O2 + 4CO2 + 8e_ 4CO=3 AIR AIR AC Power DC Power DIRECT FUEL CELL FUEL Cathode Exit Gas is used for Fuel Preheat and Water Vaporization WATER Anode Cathode HRU 650 to 750 F High Quality Waste Heat for Cogen/Cooling ApplicationsPDF Image | Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems with Direct FuelCell Technology
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