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o The reservoir will be developed in stages. The conditions will be different in each stage and need to be analysed separately. This includes transition from the system start-up first to a mixture of CO2+Water +hydrocarbon and then to a CO2-filled reservoir. This is a key issue. o There is need for additional fundamental research on key physical/system parameters: o Reservoir water – Hot WET Rocks will be the norm. Therefore, one has to consider disposal of the reservoir water. Drying the reservoir may take several years. The reservoir would most likely contain brine, which cannot be released to the environment. Possibilities are reinjection to hot rocks in another site or desalination. o At what point should one have a demonstration? One probably should be searching for a site in parallel with the fundamental research and start planning for a field demo as soon as a suit able site is identified. While this could be considered risky, the reward is substantial and timeliness is important. - Overall, the industry is pursuing more conventional geothermal prospects at the moment. o At the first glance, two locations can be identified for consideration as possible CO2 geothermal siphon field demonstration sites: - Moomba region – While in South Australia, ready access to CO2 may make it a suitable field demonstration site. The gas fields in Moomba are releasing about 1m tonnes of CO2 per year at the moment. This is reasonably pure CO2. By injecting at 3.5 km depth, one can target power production 1 MWe or higher in a demonstration project. - Otherwise, most of the CO2 in Queensland is produced by power plants along the coast. There are efforts in trying to identify hot temperatures in the Surat Basin. If they succeed, Surat Basin could provide a suitable location. Alternatively, one may target a demonstration at shallower depths and lower temperatures (2-3 km and @150 oC) but still in the basement rock. FOCUS GROUP C – INFRASTRUCTURE Rapporteur: Simon Bartlett o Long-term sustainability - Geothermal power will be feasible in Australia only as a long-term large-scale operation. Otherwise, it would be difficult to make the requisite infrastructure investment in, for example, the electricity transmission lines. The proposed concept may not be feasible at such a large scale because of its dependence on fossil-fuel power plants for replenishment of CO2. - - Equation of state, e.g. the density as a function of temperature, pressure and the vapour fraction or =f( (T, p, x) for i. sCO2+water ii. sCO2+water+salt+hydrocarbons. Accurate viscosity and thermal properties at the start-up and the steady-state conditions of the reservoir. o The matter of decoupling the surface from the subsurface merits attention but it is obvious that they need to be coupled at some stage. o Clarification is needed on who will own the long-term responsibility for the resultant reservoir, including the liability for future CO2 leakage. o Long-term rock/water/sCO2 interactions must be modeled and their effects studied on - System performance - CO2 containment. o How will the work be coordinated and prioritized nationally and internationally? FOCUS GROUP B – FIELD DEMO Rapporteur: Joe Reichman The following features need to be considered when selecting a site for field demonstration: o Quality of the geothermal resource - Depth and temperature - The reservoir may be at lower temperatures and shallower depths but must always be in hot rocks (not in the sedimentary layers). o Statutory - There must be appropriate geothermal permitting in place. o Infrastructure - Proximity to the source of CO2 - Cost of CO2 - Cost of connecting to the electricity grid - Start-up power. o Environmental impact - Retention of CO2 - Disposal of water in the reservoir.PDF Image | Power Generation USING A SUPERCRITICAL CO2 GEOTHERMAL SIPHON
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