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Welch and Boyle A common characteristic of these energy sources is that as heat is transferred to the power conversion system, the tempera- ture decreases nearly linearly (sensible heat). This behavior can be contrasted to evaporating flows, which absorb heat at a nearly constant temperature, accompanied by a phase change (latent heat). This is characteristic of organic Rankine cycles. radially outward before entering the nozzle row. The flow is ac- celerated as the pressure drops to an intermediate pressure at the entrance to the rotor. In the rotor, the flow continues to accelerate as it moves radially outward and is directed tangentially in the direction opposite rotation prior to exiting the rotor. A vaneless diffuser recovers the remaining kinetic energy in the flow before it exits the turbine. Figure 3. Euler Turbine flow-path. The Euler Turbine was designed to handle saturated steam at the turbine inlet, which can result in as high as 10% moisture at the rotor exit. Unlike radial inflow turbines, centrifugal forces in the Euler Turbine pull moisture and contaminants away from the nozzle-rotor interface. Thus the design is inherently erosion resistant, enabling its wide use with expansions that drop into the wet region. The Euler Turbine utilizes two-dimensional vane and blade profiles, giving stout, strong blades and simple, low-cost construction (Figure 4). Another benefit of the radial outflow de- sign is a reduction in operating speed to approximately half that of comparable radial inflow machines, reducing the size and losses Figure 1 shows an example ORC operating with R134a. The geothermal heat source enters the vaporizer at 220 °F and exits at 155 °F. Liquid R134a exits the refrigerant pump (1) and is heated to boiling (1a) and then entirely boils in the vaporizer (1b) and the vapor is subsequently superheated (2). The superheated vapor is expanded through a turbine (3) and is then condensed (3a and 3b) and subcooled (4), at which point it is pressurized in the refrigerant pump to close the cycle. The ORC creates a pinch point between (1a) and the cooling geothermal flow that limits the geothermal water return temperature. The ideal thermodynamic cycle would eliminate this boiling pinch point to recover more heat from the geothermal resource while ef- ficiently converting the recovered heat into electricity. Until now, turbine technology has been a barrier to usage of improved cycles. Euler turbine Pressure reducing valve (PRV) stations are a large source of wasted potential energy in steam systems, converting pressure energy into heat produced by frictional dissipation. The Euler Turbine was designed to capture this energy in an efficient, com- pact package (Figure 2) which can be applied under a wide range of conditions to steam and gas expansions. Commercial units are operating with some reaching isentropic efficiencies above 80%. Previous state-of-the-art commercial steam turbines of comparable power have isentropic efficiencies of 50% or less. The Euler Turbine is a radial outflow reaction turbine consist- ing of a nozzle row, blade row, and diffuser. Figure 3 shows the flow-path through the turbine. Vapor enters axially and is turned Figure 2. Euler Turbine package in parallel with a PRV station. Figure 4. Euler Turbine rotor. 766PDF Image | New turbines to Enable Efficient Geothermal Power Plants
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