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and analysis, development of a National Certification Standard and technology demonstration. The award breakdown is as follows: Technology Demonstrations: awards to demonstration projects (50 ton minimum size) at a wide variety of buildings including an ice rink, a poultry cooling facility, a detention facility and many universities and schools (approximately US$ 60 million). Analysis and Data Projects: awards to universities and private sector consultants to improve models and gather and analyze data (approximately US$ 1 million). Installer Certification: one award to develop standards for the entire GSHP system installation (approximately US$ 1 million). Through these projects, DOE aims to address market barriers that have prevented heat pumps from reaching their full commercial potential. These projects will provide high-quality performance and cost data to consumers, architects and engineers, increase consumer confidence and awareness, reduce installation costs through demonstrations, R&D and incentives, and will demonstrate new financing opportunities. In December 2009, the first well of a heat pump demonstration funded by the DOE was drilled at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado. System performance will be closely monitored and will include an interactive real-time display. This system will be used to evaluate heat pump system design and performance, assisting researchers, industry, consumers and policy makers evaluate the technology more accurately. 21.3.2.5 Rate and Trends in Developments According to Lund, while direct use in the United States has been constant or decreasing, the installation of GSHPs has experienced a rapid increase (an annual rate of increase of 13% over the past five years). This may be a result of the lack of funding incentives for traditional direct-use applications compared to GSHPs (22). In addition to state and local incentives, the federal government offers a 30% credit (including installation costs) for GSHPs placed in service by December 31, 2016 (23). Additionally, ClimateMaster, a GSHP manufacturer, reports that in 2008, GSHPs were installed in 1 out of 38 new homes (24). This rate of development is expected to increase with the continued financial incentives and improved consumer confidence resulting from ARRA project initiatives. 21.3.2.6 Number of Wells Drilled Approximately 200,000 geothermal heat pump wells (assuming a vertical depth of 75 m) and 10 wells (assuming a depth of 4 km) for direct uses were drilled in the US from 2005-2009 (25). 21.3.3 EnergySavings According to the EIA 2010 Energy Outlook, in 2008 41% of CO2 emissions came from electricity generation. Geothermal power plants have the potential to provide baseload electricity while substantially lowering emissions. Direct use, including GSHPs contribute by directly avoiding emissions. 21.3.3.1 Fossil Fuel Savings/Replacement Power Plants- As previously stated, 15.2 TWh (54,720 TJ) of electricity was generated from geothermal energy in 2009. Assuming that one metric ton of oil equivalent (1 toe) is equal to 0.042 TJ and fuel oil generates electricity at a 0.35 efficiency factor, 1 TJ = 68 toe. The 247PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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