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20.2.4 GovernmentExpenditureonGeothermalResearchandDevelopment For this purpose, government expenditures cover not only research and development (R&D) in the strict sense, but also contributions to pilot and demonstration projects. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy, the Swiss State Secretariat for Research and Education, the Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, the Swiss Innovation Promotion Agency, and the majority of individual Swiss cantons have contributed funds to a number of R&D and pilot and demonstration projects. Although not a member state, Switzerland has a range of bilateral agreements with the European Union (EU) that includes research activities and allows cooperation with and integration into EU- wide R&D activities. Figures for 2010 are not yet available with the exception of funds that have been provided by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy; for Research and Development some CHF 1.0 Million (US$ 1.2 Million), for pilot and demonstration projects some CHF 1.2 Million (US$ 1.4 million), and for support of the Swiss Geothermal Association to promote the uptake of geothermal energy some CHF 0.5 Million (US$ 0.6 million). 20.2.5 IndustryExpenditureongeothermalresearchanddevelopment It is not possible to obtain reliable figures. In many instances, utility industry R&D funds are co- mingled on a corporate basis and include all energy related R&D. Actual expenditures (including those for exploratory work) for 2010 are likely to range from CHF 20-25 million (US$ 24-30 million); the funds derive mostly from (1) Switzerland‘s principal project developers, (2) major Swiss utility companies and their joint research vehicle (swisselectric research), (3) member funds used for Switzerland‘s Laboratory for Geothermics based at the University of Neuchâtel, (4) funds that small and medium sized enterprises contribute, and (5) funds from semi-private regional and local utility companies. 20.3 Status of Geothermal Energy Use in 2010 20.3.1 Electricity Generation There is no power production from geothermal resources in 2010. A number of hydrothermal projects are in the planning phase, which, if suitable resources are encountered, may eventually lead to power production from hydrothermal or enhanced geothermal systems. Significant stimulus is provided by the success of hydrothermal systems in related play concepts of Southern Germany, the possibility to obtain attractive feed-in tariffs, a federal risk guarantee scheme and the obligation of several local utility companies to explore and, if possible, develop geothermal resources. 20.3.2 DirectUse The Swiss Geothermal Association (www.geothermie.ch) publishes annual statistics on the use of geothermal energy in Switzerland. As of September 2011, the numbers for 2010 have not been published, but have been communicated by the service provider (pers. comm., Imhasli et al., 2011). In 2010, some 2.6 TWh of heat have been produced from geothermal systems (Table 20.1), of which 2.0 TWh are directly attributable to geothermal energy (Figure 20.2). The compound annual growth rate since the year 2000 has been a highly satisfactory 13%, attesting to the maturity of the technology, the uptake in the market place and the popularity among consumers. Noteworthy is the continued very high uptake of borehole heat exchanger coupled systems. Together with groundwater heat pumps they have a total share of some 86% of heat production and continue to enjoy high growth rates both in terms of installed capacity and heat produced. Thermal spas continue to contribute around 240 GWh of produced heat in Switzerland (Figure 20.2). 232PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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