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Recentlypublishedvaluesfordrilling-inclusive,new-project,totalcapitalcostshavebeen: NZ$3M/MWe total for the Kawerau 100 MWe project, NZ$ 3.2 M/MWe for the Nga Awa Purua (Rotokawa II) 140 MWe project, NZ$ 4 M/MWe for the Tauhara 23 MWe binary plant, NZ$ 3.75 M/MWe for the new Te Mihi 166 MWe project, and NZ$ 5.6 M/MWe for the new 82 MWe Ngatamariki project. Geothermal power plant costs represent less than half of the total costs based on recent published information on the cost of the 82 MWe binary plant at Ngatamariki for US$ 130M ($NZ1.9M/MWe). As noted above, well drilling costs are currently about NZ$ 4 M each for 2 km deep well. Operations and maintenance costs are typically NZ$ 8.5/MWh (for power plant and steam field) plus a long-term average of NZ$ 2.5/MWh for make-up well drilling (although this varies significantly between fields). The total amounts to about NZ$ 11/MWh, or approximately 20% of the long run marginal cost (LRMC) for new projects, illustrating the dominant influence of the cost of amortising the investment on the LRMC. 17.6.3 TrendsintheCostofEnergy The average electricity price (less lines cost) for large industrial users in 2010 was NZ$ 72/MWh, and for all consumers (less lines cost) was NZ$ 106/MWh. New geothermal generation cost is about NZ$ 60-70/MWh for the best resources. Older geothermal generation costs (e.g., 25-50 year-old turbines) are lower because capital costs have been written down, although maintenance costs increase with age. 17.6.4 GeothermalSectorEmployment The number of people employed in the NZ geothermal sector (full time equivalents) was estimated to be about 280 in 2005, and is about 350 in 2010. 17.7 Research Activities 17.7.1 FocusAreas Government funded research is administered through the Ministry of Science and Innovation, and targets both basic and applied research. Main focus areas include: potential development from deeper and hotter resources; geophysical exploration methods (especially MT and micro-seismicity); improved simulations of sustainable reservoir performance; managing geochemical scaling; avoidance of adverse environmental effects (subsidence, induced seismicity, hot spring effects); thermophiles; rock-fluid interactions at high temperature and pressure; cements for extreme environments; and enhancement of knowledge about resources and technologies suitable for direct use. 17.7.2 Government Funded Research Government funded geothermal research is mostly undertaken by GNS Science, Auckland University and Industrial Research Ltd (IRL). In addition to a core six year research program begun in 2007, supplementary research projects for deep geothermal resource exploration and for enhanced direct use of lower enthalpy resources commenced in 2008. These have now been amalgamated. Details can be found on the GNS Science, Auckland University, and IRL websites. Business innovation and investment research provides 1:1 support funds for firms to undertake innovative geothermal projects, student internships, capability building and R&D strategy reviews. 195PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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