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17.2.4 GovernmentExpenditureonGeothermalResearchandDevelopment(R&D) Government R&D expenditure has grown from NZ$ 1.6 M/yr prior to 2007 to about NZ$ 4.73 M in 2010 (US$ 4 M/yr). Topics of geoscientific research are subdivided into conventional, low- enthalpy and deep resources. 17.2.5 IndustryExpenditureonGeothermalR&D Mighty River Power (MRP) and Contact Energy, the major geothermal developers, have indicated an intention to spend NZ$ 3-4 billion in developing geothermal resources over the next 10 years. A small proportion of this is targeted at research to improve resource knowledge and reduce development costs. Some applied research projects are linked with longer-term government- sponsored research programmes. Some projects provide sponsorship funding for Masters, PhD and post-graduate studies on applied geothermal research at Auckland, Victoria and Canterbury Universities. Other significant developers of geothermal energy in New Zealand include Top Energy (Ngawha), Bay of Plenty Energy (Kawerau), and Tuaropaki Power Company (Mokai). At public forums, such as the annual New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, and consent hearings, these companies release the results of commissioned research and exploration work in order to contribute to the wider geothermal knowledge. It is difficult to quantify the cost and value of such ―in-kind‖ contributions to research outcomes, but they are substantial. 17.3 Current Status of Geothermal Energy Use in 2010 17.3.1 Electricity Generation Electricity generation information for New Zealand is found on the Ministry for Economic Development website at: www.med.govt.nz. Figure 17.3 shows a plot of trends since 1974 in quarterly (3-month total) electricity production (GWh/Qtr) from all major electricity sources, including geothermal, as well as the total generation (in black). Figure 17.4 illustrates the large increase in deep geothermal drilling activity over the past 5 years, and Figure 17.5 shows locations. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 Year 1990 2000 2010 Figure 17.4 Historic trends in NZ geothermal drilling activity. 187 Wells Completed in a YearPDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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