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5. WORK NEEDED TO SITE DEEP WELLS On more of the islands where strong geothermal indicia have been mapped via pre-feasibility studies, second stage reconnaissance work as defined above should be conducted. The extent and precise type of the geophysical work will be dictated by logistical considerations and the nature of the preliminary geothermal system model. Thermal gradient drilling should comprise no less than five 300 meter holes sited in accordance with the results of preceding surveys. Once thermal gradient drilling results are available, decisions will have to be made whether to drill one or more slim holes or to drill a full scale exploratory well(s). A discussion of the factors to be considered when making these decisions is beyond the scope of this paper but it is estimated that pre- production well drilling costs will approximate $1.5 million. 6. GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE INDICIA AND STATUS SUMMARIES Presented below, in descending order of development potential, are brief descriptions of geothermal indicia development status’ on each of the 11 volcanic islands: 6.1 Guadeloupe - The volcano La Soufrière on Basseterre has large fumerolic areas and there are thermal springs on the mountain flanks. Plans are to expand the 4.2 MW currently generated at La Bouillante to 20 MW by 2003. 6.2 Saba - Saba is a small island comprising a central volcano with at least 15 andesitic domes on its flanks. There is a record of volcanic eruption(s) less than 1000 years ago and there are numerous hot springs along the shoreline and just off shore. The island is highly fractured, some hot springs temperatures have risen in the last 40 years. Though the potential power marked on-island is small, there may be potential for power export via sub-sea cable to Statia, St. Maartin and/or Antigua, Accordingly, second-stage work should be conducted. 6.3 St. Kitts - Though there are moderately large areas of steaming ground in the crater of Mt. Liamuiga and some small thermal springs along the western shoreline, the geothermal indicia are less well defined than on the previously described islands. Second stage studies will have to refine the currently rather nebulous geothermal targets. The work will be costly and may have lower priority than that on the above-listed islands. 6.4 Grenada - Prefeasibility studies have revealed one small solfatara on Mt. St. Katherine, several small thermal springs in ravines radial to the central volcano and numerous relatively young phreatic explosion craters. Additionally, the sub-sea volcano Kick-em-Jenny lies only 5 miles off Grenada’s north coast suggesting that the zone between it and central northeastern Grenada may be geothermally prospective. Second stage work will have to cover large, rugged areas, but if successful, the market for geothermal power would be significant. 6.5 St. Lucia - Geothermal indicia on St. Lucia comprise a very large solfatara near the village of Soufrière, thermal springs nearby and very recent volcanic activity including both phreatic and pyroclastic eruptions. There is sporadic talk of resumption of the project undertaken in the 1980’s, but nothing concrete has developed to date. 6.6 Dominica - The likely presence of geothermal resources beneath Dominica is suggested by a boiling lake, numerous boiling hot springs, several large solfataras and very recent (<500 YBP) volcanic activity. There are at least three geothermal centers. In 1995, an American company entered into agreements with the utility and the government to develop the resource at Soufriére but to date no action has resulted. 6.7 St. Vincent - La Soufrière volcano has erupted three times since 1902, there is a steaming resurgent dome in the crater and there are numerous hot springs in river valleys on the western side of the volcano. Following 1995 prefeasibility studies, an American firm conducted second stage work preliminary to drilling and signed geothermal project-related agreements with Vincentian entities. To date no further work has been done. 6.8 Nevis - On Nevis’ western and southern sides, there are two solfataras, numerous thermal wells and a large area of hydrothermal alteration. Also, strong earthquakes with hypocenters very near Nevis occurred in 1951 and 1961. There are encouraging geothermal indicia at 5 places on the island. The need for second stage work can be easily justified. 6.9 Martinique - The very active Mt. Pelé comprises an obvious locus for geothermal resources. There are solfataras, hot springs, earthquake epicenters nearby and well developed fracture systems. This island is controlled by France. If and when they decide to develop the undoubtedly great geothermal resource, they will do so. To date, they have not been inclined to invite participation by non-French entities. 6.10 Montserrat - Even before the 1995 eruptions, the southwestern flank of the Soufrière Hills volcano was the site of solfataric activity and of numerous thermal springs. There was also significant seismic activity and several well developed fracture systems transecting the volcano. Though the energy potential of the Soufriére Hills has been made abundantly obvious, there may be few financial or insurance firms willing to participate in a geothermal project on the flanks of a very active volcano. 6.11 Statia - While some heat probably remains beneath The Quill as evidenced by reported occurrences of thermal waters in two wells drilled for drinking water, there are no known hot springs or paleo-thermal areas on the island. This island has the lowest priority for follow-on exploratory work. Further studies will have to wait until more cost effective technology makes Statia an economical development prospect. 7. SUMMARY There are 11 volcanic islands in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean Sea having modest to very significant geothermal resource potential. Prefeasibility and reconnaissance phase exploration and power generation have been accomplished to 219 HuttrerPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY STATUS IN CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
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