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Huttrer 3. CARIBBEAN GEOTHERMAL POWER PROJECT PROS AND CONS The conditions favoring small geothermal power developments in the Lesser Antilles include: • Good to excellent chances for discovery of economically viable geothermal resources. • A generally positive attitude by all of the national governments toward the exploitation of their indigenous resources. • A growing realization that power generation by entities other than the government can be simultaneously beneficial to the host nation and to independent power producers. • Increasing impatience on the part of citizens and government officials, on all the islands, towards long standing, excessive O&M problems with diesel generator sets. • Power demand growth of 7-10% per year in most countries. This may actually accelerate because all of the nations are seeking to increase their revenues by attracting tourists. More tourists will require more hotels and more air conditioned hotels will require more power. • The high cost of power generation on most islands that almost certainly could be decreased with the addition of geothermally generated electricity. • The pressing need for fresh water on all the islands except Dominica and St. Lucia. If more economical electricity were to become available on the dry islands, large reverse osmosis installations could be built and operated to alleviate periodic water shortages, rationing and the need to depend on rainfall collection in cisterns. Some negative aspects or obstacles regarding initiation of Caribbean small geothermal power project are: • The difficulty in financing small (<$50 million) projects. • The relatively low rate of return likely on small Caribbean geothermal power projects and the associated need to minimize exploration expenditures which unavoidably will increase the risk level perceived by potential investors. • The speckled history of fiscal management on the part of the governments of several of these islands and their consequent low international credit ratings. • The marginal solvency of many of the national utility companies and the inability or unwillingness of the national governments to guarantee payments by their utilities for power purchased. • The common occurrence of destructive hurricanes in the region and the recent experiences with damage due to the volcanic eruptions on Montserrat. 4. EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT STATUS SUMMARIES Some prefeasibility and reconnaissance exploration has been conducted since 1995, but the only exploratory drilling and power plant construction in the region was done in prior years (1979-1986). The scope of these activities is summarized below. 4.1 Prefeasibility studies - The author, with assistance from Dr. D. E. Michels and J. Renner, conducted prefeasibility studies on St. Vincent, Saba, St. Eustatius (Statia), St. Christopher (Kitts) and Nevis since 1995. In all cases, the work included reviews of geothermally-relevant literature, acquisition and stereoscopic analysis of airphotos, reconnaissance (confirmatory) geologic mapping, petrographic studies of fresh and altered rock samples, geochemistry of thermal and non-thermal waters and collection of large amounts of non-resource related information. The latter included data regarding electric power, environmental topics, permitting, government philosophies about use of indigenous resources, locally available labor, facilities, supplies and costs and logistical/construction matters. 4.2 Reconnaissance - Second stage work is herein defined to include some or all of: detailed geologic mapping, comprehensive water and/or gas geochemistry, electrical surveys (resistivity, S-P, CSAMT, MT etc.), gravity or magnetic surveys, soil mercury, radioactivity or CO2 and shallow (thermal gradient or slim-hole) drilling. It has been done, prior to 1995, on Dominica, Guadeloupe and Martinique by the French, on St. Lucia by the English, Los Alamos National Laboratories and Aquater of Italy and on Montserrat by British, Italian and US entities. On St. Vincent, in 1996 and 1997, a US company undertook some second stage studies including geochemistry, geology and electrical geophysical surveys. These studies have resulted in advanced characterization of the chemistry, temperature and depth of resources on St. Vincent and the signing of documents needed to allow geothermal drilling and development in the future 4.3 Deep Exploratory Drilling - Following reconnaissance studies performed in the 1970’s and 1980’s, this expensive work has been undertaken to date only on Guadeloupe by CFG and BRGM and on St. Lucia where 2 wells were drilled by a multilaterally-funded team led by Italian geothermists. The first St. Lucia well found heat but low permeability however second well, spudded in 1987, discovered what appeared to be an economically exploitable resource. Unfortunately, this well suffered mechanical failures and the produced steam was never harnessed to generate power. There has been no deep drilling in the Caribbean since the completion of this well in 1988. 4.4 Development - The drilling of successful deep wells on Guadeloupe in 1969-1970 led to the building of a 4.2 MW double flash power plant in 1984. This plant has had intermittent problems caused by relatively high amounts of non-condensable gasses and associated H2SO4, but these seem to have been mitigated by CFG and the plant is now in operation. There is excellent potential for expansion of this development, and plans to have 20 MW on line by 2003 have been reported. 218PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY STATUS IN CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
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