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3. Lower Resource Temperatures The increasingly common use of binary power plants has expanded the range of geothermal resource temperatures from which electricity can be generated usefully. Although not yet common, there are specific examples of isolated electrical loads such as at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, shown in Figure 5, which produces electricity from a very low temperature (74°C) geothermal resource (Lund et al., 2010). Chena Hot Springs is more than 100 km from the closest electrical transmission line, so would otherwise be dependent on diesel-fuelled generation. In fact, there are many off-grid communities in the state of Alaska that could benefit from geothermal electricity generation in place of diesel fuel that is supplied at extremely high cost due to their remoteness. Similar advantages are to be gained in island communities such as in the Caribbean (Huttrer, 2010). Figure 6 shows an active drilling program at Akutan Island in the Aleutian chain of Alaska (Kolker and Mann, 2011). Australian Geothermal Energy Conference 2011 projects are already in operation in Wyoming (Johnson and Walker, 2010) and Huabei, China (Gong et al., 2011). Figure 7, from Johnson and Walker (2010) shows the organic Rankine cycle plant in Wyoming, which has been in operation since September 2008. The worldwide oil industry produces as much as 300 million barrels of water per day (540,000 kg/sec) and in many places the temperatures are within the range of operational geothermal power plants. Oil field operations are often also substantial consumers of electrical power, so the generation of electricity local to the operation is of particular benefit. Figure 7: Binary plant recovering heat from coproduced oilfield water at Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center RMOTC in Wyoming, Johnson and Walker (2010). The importance of resource temperature is somewhat more complex than appears at first glance. Although in simple terms it is true that hotter is better, there remains a “hole” in resource accessibility, due to the fact that self-flowing wells drop substantially in productivity at temperatures below a certain range, while downhole pumps are only effective up to a specific temperature range. This was described very succinctly by Sanyal et al., (2007), who illustrate the “hole” in a figure repeated here as Figure 8. As shown in the figure, there is a gap that lies roughly between 190 and 220°C, within which neither pumped nor self-flowing wells are completely effective. This resource temperature gap represents a technological challenge that is in the process of being addressed by the geothermal industry. 4. Enhanced Geothermal Systems Although new conventional geothermal reservoirs are being both discovered and exploited, the fact remains that the likelihood of major conventional resource discoveries is diminished. The world is not likely to find another resource like The Geysers. So the prospect for major expansion of geothermal development lies in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). Figure 5: Binary power plant at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska. Photo: Roland Horne, 2007. Figure 6: Drilling at Akutan, Alaska, from Kolker and Mann (2011). Photo: Amanda Kolker, 2010. As electricity production from lower temperatures becomes more feasible, another intriguing possibility is the recovery of geothermal energy from coproduced fluids, for example those brought to the surface with oilfield water. Pilot 111PDF Image | Alaska Geothermal Conference
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