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63 used in internal combustion engines [10]. The part of waste heat which is utilized is about 15% of the gross calorific value of the fuel [10]. Also in solar collectors excessive heat is produced during the summer and can be utilized by adsorption cooling devices. The use of solar energy allows for using these devices in underdeveloped regions with warm climate, where the intensity of solar radiation is often large, while electricity grids are usually not sufficiently developed, so traditional refrigeration systems cannot be used. An advantage of solar powered cooling devices is that the greatest need for cooling coincides with the highest performance of the system. In addition to environmental benefits and energy saving, adsorption cooling systems have many other advantages [11–13]: simplicity of construction, lack of moving parts, simple control, no vibration, quiet operation and low operating costs. Furthermore, compared with absorption cooling devices, the adsorption systems do not require pumps or rectification columns, they show no problems with corrosion and crystallization, and are less sensitive to shocks. Disadvantages of adsorption cooling systems include: lack of continuity of operation, high design requirements for the maintenance of high vacuum, large size and mass when compared to conventional cooling systems and low values of the coefficient of performance COP [2, 14]. The low values of COP are the reason why this type of systems should be driven by waste heat or solar energy. The need for efficiency improvement encourages scientists to search for the possibilities of improving heat and mass transfer during the adsorption-desorption cycle [11]. Most of works focus on adsorption and physicochemical properties of different adsorbent-adsorbate pairs [14, 15], different types of adsorption-desorption cycles, such as heat and mass recovery cycle [13, 16] and mathematical modelling of the process [17–19]. Basic information about adsorption cooling systems, the operating principle, characteristic of adsorbent-adsorbate pairs, improvements in their operation such as heat or mass recovery and principles of modelling of these systems are presented in this work. 2. Operating principle The operating principle of adsorption cooling devices is analogous to the case of absorption devices: the refrigerant is adsorbed and desorbed. However, because the adsorbent is stationary (a solid), adsorption system is built differently than adsorption system. Usage of stationary adsorbents leads to an intermittent operation of adsorption systems. Continuous cooling requires two or more adsorbents, in which adsorption and desorption processes occur alternately [20]. Main elements of an adsorption cooling system are: an adsorbent bed, a condenser and an evaporator (Fig. 1). The adsorbent plays a similar role to the compressor in traditional cooling systems. The principle of operation of adsorption system may be illustrated using the Clapeyron diagram (Fig. 2). A complete cycle of work consists of four steps: heating of the bed, desorption (regeneration), cooling and adsorption. At point A the adsorbent bed is saturated with adsorbate. Heating leads to an increase in temperature and pressure in the system. At point B condensation pressure is reached and endothermic process of desorption starts, during which the adsorbate is removed from the adsorbent surface and flows intoPDF Image | ADSORPTION COOLING AS WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
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