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62 Nomenclature COP – coefficient of performance [–] Ma – adsorbent mass [kg] Q – heat [J] SCP – specific cooling capacity [W/kg] T – adsorbent temperature [K] Tsat – saturation temperature [K] WL – cooling power [W] x0 – saturated adsorption capacity [kg/kg] 1. Introduction Cooling is used in many aspects of human life. It is necessary for food storage or air conditioning. The use of conventional compression cooling systems contradicts the concept of sustainable development because of environmental pollution and considerable energy consumption. Freons used in these systems cause ozone layer depletion and are currently being withdrawn from production and marketing under the Montreal Protocol and UE regulations [1]. Moreover, large amounts of energy are supplied to compressor refrigerators. It was estimated that 15% of the total World electricity production and 45% of energy consumed in households, workplaces and public buildings is used for refrigeration and air conditioning [2]. The electricity consumption for these purposes is particularly significant in industrialized countries with warm climate, where increased energy demand for air conditioning in the summer can cause electric grid overloads and blackouts (Table 1). Date August 1996 July 2006 July 2006 June 2007 January 2009 Large electric grid failures [3–7] Place Table 1 Number of people affected 15 million 174 thousand 3 thousand several million 350 thousand Duration several dozen hours 9 days 4 hours several days several dozen hours western states of USA USA (New York) England (London) Greece Australia (Victoria) In recent years there has been a considerable interest is adsorption cooling systems [8, 9]. Refrigerants used in these systems, such as water or methanol, are environmentally friendly. What is more, these devices can be driven by low-temperature sources such as solar energy or waste heat. Except from the need for waste material management, problems with thermal waste management also exist. A large quantity of waste heat is produced in energy conversion processes, e.g. in automobile engines, power or steel plants. Only a small part of this heat is used and it reduces the efficiency of primary energy utilization. Waste heat usually constitutes 50–70% of the energy supplied as a fuel in thermal power plants and 50–60% of the energyPDF Image | ADSORPTION COOLING AS WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
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