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quick-turn evaluation of proposed configuration and/or controls changes for field systems development and optimization. The Advantages of Supercritical CO2 A key advantage of the Echogen technology is the use of supercritical CO2 as a working fluid for heat recovery and power generation. A supercritical fluid is a substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical temperature and pressure. The critical point represents the highest temperature and pressure at which the substance can exist as a vapor and liquid in equilibrium. As shown in Figure 2, above its critical point of 87.76°F at 1,070 psi (30.98°C at 73.78 bar), carbon dioxide is a supercritical fluid and adopts properties midway between a gas and a liquid. Carbon dioxide as a working fluid for power generating cycles has many advantages. It is inexpensive, non-flammable, and abundant in nature. Due in part to its relative high working pressure, a carbon dioxide system can be built that is much more compact than systems using other working fluids. The high density and volumetric heat capacity of CO2 with respect to other working fluids makes it more energy dense meaning that the size of all system components can be considerably reduced without losing performance – including the turbine, pump, and heat exchangers (2-4). Dostal (5) compares CO2 turbines to steam-based turbomachinery and indicates that CO2 turbines are very compact and highly efficient with simpler, single casing body designs while steam turbines usually require multiple turbine stages (i.e., high, medium and low-pressure) and associated casings with a corresponding increase in systems packaging complexity for additional inlet and outlet piping. Carbon dioxide more effectively captures waste heat from sources that have an approximately constant heat capacity, such as turbine exhaust or other gases. This is due to the character of its heat capacity in the supercritical region which provides superior matching to the heat source temperature profile compared to the boiling process utilized with other working fluids such as steam or organic working fluids used in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems. The so-called pinch point (see Figure 3) occurs during the constant-temperature phase change of subcritical fluids, and limits the maximum fluid temperature, and thus cycle efficiency in other waste heat recovery technologies. This phenomenon is not encountered in the heat exchange process with CO2 due to its single-phase characteristics well above the critical point (6,7), thus permitting a higher fluid temperature to be achieved for the same heat source. Figure 2: Carbon dioxide pressure versus temperature (PT) phase diagram. 3PDF Image | Transforming Waste Heat to Power through Development of a CO2
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