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helium and mercury concentrations in the soil was done by collecting 50 samples around the Chena pluton (Wescott and Turner, 1981). Except the Chena area, all helium concentrations in the samples reflected the atmospheric concentration (within 4% of 5.2 ppm). Within the Chena area, a very sharp and narrow anomaly was found north-west of the main hot spring area (> 750 ppm) (TG-8 site in Figure 1). Along the south-east end of the hot springs, He concentrations were relatively lower (~ 200 ppm), but dispersed in a wider zone. This could be result of mixing with the ground water in the south-east as will be discussed later. Very high He concentrations in the north-west were interpreted to be related to direct connection of the deep thermal source to the surface in the north-west of the main anomaly (Wescott and Turner, 1981). A number of geophysical studies were carried in 1979 (Wescott and Turner, 1981). Both shallow electrical conductivity (10 m) and shallow temperature (0.5 m) surveys outlined the main shallow permeability zone as a narrow north-west to south-east trending anomaly along Spring Creek. 1D seismic refraction experiments along the central valley revealed that the valley fill is about 40 m thick at the center and is only 2-15 m thick at the location of the hot springs. In 2005, extensive geophysical studies including AMT survey (Reed and Liu, 2006), airborne geophysics (Pitchard, 2005) were carried out. The airborne geophysics included a combination of electromagnetic, radioactivity and magnetic surveys.Airbornegeophysicswasparticularlyuseful in order to better understand the geology of the region. The airborne radioactivity pattern depicted a highly radioactive body north of the Monument Creek valley and the hot springs area. The hot springs are located where this high radioactive body contacts a less radioactive unit. TEMPERATURE DEPTH DRILLING Temperature-depth measurements started in 1979 with eighty holes 0.5 m in depth (Wescott and Turner, 1981). Their 0.5 m isotherm map shows an elongated thermal anomaly around the hot springs area with main boundaries about 1000 ft long and 300 ft wide with a maximum temperature of 118 °F (Figure 1, red contour lines). Prior to 2005, eight wells with depths between 200 and 300 ft were drilled by the resort (Figure 1 wells designated by W). Deeper geothermal exploration and precision temperature logging started in late 2005 by measuring the temperatures in these existing wells. Following this study, eleven new temperature- gradient wells were drilled through August, 2006 as part of a GRED III program (Figure 1, wells designated by TG). Five of these wells reach depths of 600-1020 ft while the others are 200-300 ft deep. The wells were drilled into granitic bedrock capped by a thin weathered layer of alluvium less than 30 ft deep. Most of these wells are at least weakly artesian with hydraulic heads less than 5 ft above ground level. Table .1 Well information drilled in the Chena Hot Springs. Surface temperature was taken 32 °F. Well Drill Depth Name Date Shallow Gradient Interval Tmax (feet) (°F) N/A N/A 147-196 44 65-249 101 33-203 124 0-49 132 16-148 145 N/A N/A 0-66 163 250-400 169 N/A N/A 0-59 63 0-66 163 98-194 79 0-197 117 0-49 132 16-98 131 0-74 51 0-66 153 0-606 176 0-558 169 52-300 45 52-315 86 WELL0 1998 80 WELL1 2003 196 WELL2 1998 250 WELL2b 2005 800 WELL3 2003 43 WELL4 2003 280 WELL5 2003 275 WELL6 2005 131 WELL7 2006 715 CWW 1 N/A N/A CWW 2 N/A 59 TG-1 2005 246 TG-2 2005 194 TG-3 2005 197 TG-4 2005 197 TG-5 2005 282 TG-6 2005 74 TG-7 2005 702 TG-8 2005 1020 TG-9 2006 800 TG-10 2006 300 TG-11 2006 315 N/A 6.90 25.30 22.00 201.7 44.2 N/A 248.1 28.90 N/A 51.90 201 30.8 43.2 201.7 53.8 25.60 148.9 23.60 24.40 3.30 13.80 (feet) (°F/100 ft) The wells are often pairs or clusters reflecting up to three stages of drilling activity. The initial drillers had difficulty reaching below 300 feet so this was the maximum depth of the first shallow temperature gradient (TG) holes. Later, some of the TG wells were re-drilled or a new well was drilled in the same location to depths of 600 to 1020 ft. The multi-stage drilling turned out to be advantageous. It enabled analysis of the effects of intra-well flow between different horizons, which can be very complex when flow zones with different pressures are connected. This can be very difficult to sort out using a TG well drilled in a single stage. In the following discussion, the deep wells are discussed with their shallow partners in order to see the effect of multi-stage drilling. Static logs of shallow wells The wells located along the perimeter of the drilled area (Well 1, TG-6, and TG-10) stand out as havingPDF Image | THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHENA HOT SPRINGS
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