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5658 R. Saidur et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5649–5659 numbers. It can be calculated from below Equation [98]: Sin 1⁄4 1=ð1jÞ ð3Þ This Equation clearly shows if the exergy efficiency increases from 0.8 to 0.9 is highly affect on the sustainability index compared to exergy efficiency increasing from 0.1 to 0.2 and finally can be seen that for generating a fix amount of power less pollutions of SO2 and NOx will produced which leads to less environmental impact clearly. 7. Conclusion From the study, it has been identified that there are large potentials of energy savings through the use of waste heat recovery technologies. Waste heat recovery entails capturing and reusing the waste heat from internal combustion engine and using it for heating or generating mechanical or electrical work. It would also help to recognize the improvement in performance and emissions of the engine if these technologies were adopted by the automotive manufacturers. The study also identified the potentials of the technologies when incorporated with other devices to maximize potential energy efficiency of the vehicles. It should be noted that TEG technology can be incorporated with other technologies such as PV, turbocharger or even Rankine bottoming cycle technique to maximize energy efficiency, reduce fuel consumption and GHG emissions. Recovering engine waste heat can be achieved via numerous methods. The heat can either be ’’reused’’ within the same process or transferred to another thermal, electrical, or mechanical process. The common technolo- gies used for waste heat recovery from engine include thermo- electrical devices, organic Rankine cycle or turbocharger system. By maximizing the potential energy of exhaust gases, engine efficiency and net power may be improved. Exergy efficiency is a concept which helps to obviously show the environmental impact by numbers. By increasing the exergy efficiency, sustainability index will increase and leads to less production of pollutants like NOx and SO2 during creating the same amount of power. Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the High Impact Research Grant (HIRG) scheme (UM-MoHE) project (Project No: UM.C/HIR/MoHE/ENG/40) to carry out this research. References [1] Jia S, Peng H, Liu S, Zhang X. Review of transportation and energy consump- tion related research. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 2009;9(3):6–16. [2] Saidur R. A review on electrical motors energy use and energy savings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010;14(3):877–98. [3] Saidur R, Atabani AE, Mekhilef S. A review on electrical and thermal energy for industries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15(4):2073–86. [4] Jahirul MI, Saidur R, Hasanuzzaman M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA. A comparison of the air pollution of gasoline and CNG driven car for Malaysia. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 2007;2(2):130–8. [5] Saidur R, Jahirul MI, Hasanuzzaman M, Masjuki HH. Analysis of exhaust emissions of natural gas engine by using response surface methodology. Journal of Applied Science 2008;8(19):3328–39. [6] Putrajaya: Department of Statistics; 2010. [7] UNESCAP. Country Reports: Population and Poverty in Malaysia. United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; 2002. [8] Kaya D, Yagmur EA, Yigit KS, Kilic FC, Eren AS, Celik C. Energy efficiency in pumps. Energy Conversion and Management 2008;49(6):1662–73. [9] Saidur R, Sattar M, Masjuki H, Ahmed S, Hashim U. An estimation of the energy and exergy efficiencies for the energy resources consumption in the transportation sector in Malaysia. Energy Policy 2007;35(8):4018–26. [10] Stobart RK. An availability approach to thermal energy recovery in vehicles. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 2007:221. [11] Saidur R, Rahim NA, Ping HW, Jahirul MI, Mekhilef S, Masjuki HH. Energy and emission analysis for industrial motors in Malaysia. Energy Policy 2009;37(9):3650–8. [12] Hasanuzzaman M, Rahim NA, Saidur R, Kazi SN. Energy savings and emis- sions reductions for rewinding and replacement of industrial motor. Energy 2011;36(1):233–40. [13] Hatazawa M, Sugita H, Ogawa T, Seo Y. Performance of a thermoacoustic sound wave generator driven with waste heat of automobile gasoline engine. Transac- tions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 2004;70(689):292–9. [14] Stabler F. Automotive applications of high efficiency thermoelectrics, in DARPA/ONR program review and DOE high efficiency thermoelectric work- shop. 2002: San Diego, CA. [15] Taylor CM. Automobile engine tribology—design considerations for effi- ciency and durability. Wear 1998;221(1):1–8. [16] Yu C, Chau KT. Thermoelectric automotive waste heat energy recovery using maximum power point tracking. Energy Conversion and Management 2009;50(6):1506–12. [17] Yang J. Potential applications of thermoelectric waste heat recovery in the automotive industry, in International conference on thermoelectrics 2005: 155-159. [18] Andersson BS. Company perspectives in vehicle tribology—Volvo. in 17th leeds-lyon symposium on tribology.Vehicle Tribology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1991. [19] Mahlia TMI, Saidur R, Memon LA, Zulkifli NWM, Masjuki HH. A review on fuel economy standard for motor vehicles with the implementation possibilities in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010;14(9):3092–9. [20] Priest M, Taylor CM. Automobile engine tribology—approaching the surface. Wear 2000;241(2):193–203. [21] Conklin JC, Szybist JP. A highly efficient six-stroke internal combustion engine cycle with water injection for in-cylinder exhaust heat recovery. Energy 2010;35:1658–64. 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Overview of thermoelectric generation for hybrid vehicles. Journal of Asian Electric Vehicles 2008;6(2):1119–24. [30] Zhang X, Chau KT. An automotive thermoelectric–photovoltaic hybrid energy system using maximum power point tracking. Energy Conversion and Management 2011;52(1):641–7. [31] Saidur R, Rahim NA, Hasanuzzaman M. A review on compressed-air energy use and energy savings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010;14(4):1135–53. [32] May D. Thermoelectrics. [cited; Available from: /www.thermoelectrics. caltech.eduS. [33] Riffat SB, Ma X. Thermoelectrics: a review of present and potential applica- tions. Applied Thermal Engineering 2003;23(8):913–35. [34] Fairbanks, J. Thermoelectric applications in vehicle status 2008, in: Europe conference on thermoelectrics 2008: 1–8. [35] Crane DT, Jackson GS. Optimization of cross flow heat exchangers for thermoelectric waste heat recovery. Energy Conversion and Management 2004;45(9–10):1565–82. [36] Karri MA, Thacher EF, Helenbrook BT. Exhaust energy conversion by thermo- electric generator: two case studies. Energy Conversion and Management 2011;52(3):1596–611. [37] Hsu CT, Huang GY, Chu HS, Yu B, Yao DJ. Experiments and simulations on low-temperature waste heat harvesting system by thermoelectric power generators. Applied Energy 2011;88(4):1291–7. [38] Leong KY, Saidur R, Kazi SN, Mamun AH. Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator). Applied Thermal Engineering 2010;30(17– 18):2685–92. [39] Saidur R, Leong KY, Mohammad HA. A review on applications and challenges of nanofluids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011;15(3) 1646–68.PDF Image | Heat Condensing Operating Parameters ElectraTherm
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