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84 Chapter 8 Environmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria There are several potential environmental impacts from any geothermal power development. These include: • Gaseous emissions • Water pollution • Solids emissions • Noise pollution • Land use • Land subsidence • Induced seismicity • Induced landslides • Water use • Disturbance of natural hydrothermal manifestations • Disturbance of wildlife habitat and vegetation • Altering natural vistas • Catastrophic events. Despite this long list, current and nearterm geothermal energy technologies generally present much lower overall environmental impact than do conventional fossilfueled and nuclear power plants. For example, the power plant is located above the geothermal energy resource eliminating the need (a) to physically mine the energy source (the “fuel”) in the conventional sense and, in the process, to disturb the Earth’s surface, and (b) to process the fuel and then use additional energy to transport the fuel over great distances while incurring additional environmental impacts. Furthermore, the geothermal energy conversion equipment is relatively compact, making the overall footprint of the entire system small. With geothermal energy, there are no atmospheric discharges of nitrogen oxides or particulate matter, and no need to dispose of radioactive waste materials. There are, however, certain impacts that must be considered and managed if geothermal energy, including EGS, is to be developed as a larger part of a more environmentally sound, sustainable energy portfolio for the future. Most of the potentially important environmental impacts of geothermal power plant development are associated with ground water use and contamination, and with related concerns about land subsidence and induced seismicity as a result of water injection and production into and out of a fractured reservoir formation. Issues of air pollution, noise, safety, and land use also merit consideration. The next section presents a comprehensive overview of environmental issues, summarizes the body of experience from hydrothermal plants, contrasts geothermal operations with alternative systems, and estimates the impact from EGS operations.PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
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