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Environmental EffectsEnvironmental Impacts, Attributes, and Feasibility Criteria 8.1 Scope and Approach to Geothermal Chapter 8 In the United States, the environmental impact of any type of power project is subject to many forms of regulation. All of the following laws and regulations play a role before any geothermal development project can be brought to fruition (Kagel et al., 2005): • Clean Air Act • National Environmental Policy Act • National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permitting Program • Safe Drinking Water Act • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act • Toxic Substance Control Act • Noise Control Act • Endangered Species Act • Archaeological Resources Protection Act • Hazardous Waste and Materials Regulations • Occupational Health and Safety Act • Indian Religious Freedom Act. Thus, it is highly unlikely that any geothermal power plant will be a threat to the environment anywhere in the United States, given the comprehensive spectrum of regulations that must be satisfied. The potential environmental impacts of conventional hydrothermal power generation are widely known. Several articles and reports have documented the various potential impacts from geothermal drysteam, flashsteam, and binary energy conversion systems. The general conclusion from all studies is that emissions and other impacts from geothermal plants are dramatically lower than other forms of electrical generation. The following references, chosen from among many possible ones, provide detailed discussions: Armstead, 1983; Armstead and Tester, 1987; Burnham et al., 1993; DiPippo, 1991a; DiPippo, 1991b; Kagel et al., 2005; Mock et al., 1997; Pasqualetti, 1980; and Tester et al., 2005. Thus, the lessons learned from the hundreds of existing geothermal power plants can be used to ensure that future EGS systems will have similar or even lower environmental impacts. Our focus in this report is on systems to generate electricity. Groundsource heat pumps are another means of utilizing geothermal energy on a distributed basis for space heating and cooling of buildings (see Section 7.3). The environmental impact of such systems is quite limited because they are usually installed during building construction and normally utilize a subsurface heat exchanger, buried well below the frost line. The environmental impacts of geothermal heat pumps are not addressed further, because they are beyond the scope of this study (see Mock et al., 1997.) 83PDF Image | Geothermal Environmental Effects
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