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2.1. Calculation of exergy values The exergy value of electricity is by definition equal to the energy amount (1): ExW W. (1) The exergy value of heat at a constant temperature T can be calculated by multiplying the amount of heat with the Carnot factor as depicted in (2): tion vaporizers’ [3]. In some countries, e.g. Japan, the LNG cold is used in power generation, air separation etcetera [4]. Many advanced options for LNG evaporation in combination with power generation can be found in literature [5-9]. The three options that are compared in this paper are expected to be appropriate for the situation in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. To comply with the composition of the natural gas in the Dutch gas transport system, so called G(roningen)-gas, after evaporation of the LNG an amount of nitrogen is added resulting in a gas mixture of about 95 vol.% methane and 5 vol.% nitrogen. 3.1. Use of waste heat from a coal-fired power plant In the Rotterdam port area, The Netherlands, two LNG import terminals and a coal-fired power plant are under construction. In this ultra-supercritical power plant the conditions of the steam are about 300 bars and 600 °C, resulting in an electrical efficiency of about 47 percent [10]. In accordance with the current plans for Rotterdam, the waste heat (i.e. cooling water) from the power plant will be used for evaporating the LNG, see Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Use of waste heat from a power plant. 3.2. Integration with air separation and a coal-fired oxy-fuel power plant In this option LNG evaporation is integrated with an air separation unit and a coal-fired oxy-fuel power plant as described in [10,11], see Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Integration with air separation and an oxy-fuel power plant. T ExQ Q1 0 , (2) T when T is higher than T0. The physical component of the exergy value of a mass flow is calculated from the enthalpy and entropy values, as in (3): . Exm,ph mHH0T0SS0. (3) In this study T0 is assumed to be 10 °C. 2.2. Exergy potential of LNG LNG is transported overseas at about 1 bar and minus 162 °C and stored in large import terminals, e.g. in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. When natural gas is needed, the LNG is compressed and subsequently evaporated to meet the conditions of the gas in the Dutch pipelines for gas transport, which are about 70 bars and 2 °C. By applying (3) the theoretical amount of work that can be obtained from this transition can be calculated (4,5): Wmax Exm,ph,LNG,in Exm,ph,NG,out , (4) . Wmax mHin Hout T0Sin Sout . (5) Assuming that LNG consists of pure methane, the theoretical amount of work can be calculated from the enthalpy and entropy values tabulated in [2]. In theory about 383 kJ/kg LNG can be obtained from the transition of LNG at 1 bar and -162 °C to natural gas at 70 bars and 2 °C. When a lower pressure of the resulting natural gas is needed, even more work can be obtained from this transition. 3. Brief description of options for the evaporation of LNG Worldwide, several options exist for evaporating LNG to natural gas. Most applied are so-called ‘open rack vaporizers’ and ‘submerged combus- In: D. Favrat & F. Maréchal (eds.), ECOS2010: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation, and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, 14 – 17 June 2010, Lausanne, Switzerland, Volume II, pp. 441-446.PDF Image | Exergy Efficient Application of LNG Cold
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