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Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors

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Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors ( advanced-nuclear-power-technology-program-supercritical-carb )

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13 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work 13.1 Summary and Conclusions The reduction of the cost of electricity produced by nuclear power plants is a crucial step toward the successful future utilization of nuclear power. The balance of plant comprises a large contributor to the cost of the nuclear plant that accounts for about 30% or so of the capital cost. Therefore, efforts to redesign and reduce the cost of power cycles for next generation reactors are vital. Compared to steam cycles, closed cycle gas turbines are simple, compact, less expensive and have shorter construction periods, thus reducing the interest during construction. The most mature among the closed gas turbine cycles is the helium Brayton cycle. However helium Brayton cycles require core outlet temperatures around 900 oC in order to achieve attractive efficiencies (~ 45 – 48%). The high temperature environment required for helium Brayton cycles, and for any ideal gas cycle in general, is challenging to structural materials, and metal-based nuclear fuels are also disqualified. Therefore a power conversion cycle that would be capable of achieving high efficiencies at temperatures ranging from 500oC to at most 700oC is of considerable interest. Such a power cycle could close the gap between low temperature and high temperature reactors, broadening the possible application of nuclear power. The supercritical CO2 cycle can achieve this goal. The principal advantage of a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is its reduced compression work compared to an ideal gas such as helium: about 30% of gross power turbine output vs. 45% or so. This also permits the simplification of use of a single compressor without inter-cooling stages. The requisite high pressure (~20 MPa) also confers the benefit of more compact heat exchangers and turbines. Finally, CO2 requires significantly fewer turbine and compressor stages than helium, its principal competitor for nuclear gas turbine service. The cycle was initially investigated in the 1960’s and 1970’s but was not deployed in part because LWRs have too low a core exit temperature and the cycle is not well suited for conventional fossil plant service. One particular 269

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