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The following conclusions can be drawn from Table 12.1. The main difference between the CO2 and helium cycles is in the operating conditions. The helium cycle operates at high temperatures and medium pressures, whereas the supercritical CO2 cycle operates at medium temperatures and high pressures. The low specific heat in the case of CO2 and lower temperature rise across the core causes the mass flow rate to be significantly larger than in the helium cycle. However, high pressure, hence high fluid density, reduces the volumetric flow rate in the case of the supercritical CO2 cycle (about a factor of five times). This results in more compact plant components, mainly in the case of turbomachinery, and gives more flexibility in the design for low pressure drop, since high density reduces the velocity, which is present as a squared term in the pressure drop equations and, thus, has a higher importance than density. Moreover, due to the high pressure the CO2 cycle efficiency is not as sensitive to pressure drop as the helium cycle (the penalty on efficiency using the same total pressure drops would be less in the case of CO2). This is very important for the design of recuperators. As can be seen from Table 12.1, the heat that has to be regenerated in the case of the supercritical CO2 cycle could be more than double that in the helium cycle. This represents a challenge in the design of the recuperators. If we would like to keep the same size as in the helium cycle it is necessary to increase the pressure drop in the recuperators. However, as was shown in Chapter 6 this can be done without compromising either the efficiency or the attainment of reasonable recuperator volumes. The reason why the supercritical CO2 cycle achieves higher efficiency than the helium cycle at the same temperature can be seen from the temperature – entropy diagrams (Figure 12.1) of both cycles. In the case of helium two cycles are depicted, the solid line with square ticks shows the 880oC design, the dashed line with triangular ticks shows the 550oC design for comparison of average temperatures of heat addition and rejection, as described in the following text. If we look at the helium and CO2 cycles that operate between the same maximum and minimum temperatures the following behavior can be observed: the average temperature at which the heat rejection occurs in the CO2 cycle is about the same as in the case of helium. However, the average temperature at which the heat addition occurs is significantly higher in the case of the CO2 cycle. Higher temperature for heat addition makes the CO2 cycle closer to the Carnot cycle and 257PDF Image | Advanced Nuclear Power Technology Program A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors
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