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and Trade 6.5 enabling conditions The list below offers concrete suggestions for actions from governments, the private sector and other stakeholders to create enabling conditions conducive to creating and taking advantage of existing and potential trade opportunities that arise from or are associated with a transition to a greener economy. The identified policy tools are tailored to address the main challenges in renewable energy trade, as outlined in this chapter. These include the need for increased technology and infrastructure investments, energy-related tax and subsidy reform schemes, the utilisation and furtherance of international cooperation frameworks and an improved stakeholder dialogue. 6.5.1 Public investment and spending • encourage innovation, research and development (r&d) and training. Public support for R&D is essential for supporting high-risk research with a long-term outlook. In developing countries, R&D in renewables may warrant a focus on building capacity to facilitate technology transfer, including between developing countries.9 For example, R&D joint ventures can adapt technologies to local market conditions and support national private-sector players that install, manufacture, operate and maintain the technologies. • expand grid access to facilitate export opportunities for renewable electricity. Renewable energy supply plants should be located strategically, thus close to demand centres and conducive to integration in the national grid. By increasing renewable electricity generation and expanding electricity transmission capacities, developing countries can enhance national electrification. The extension of regional grid capacities could also facilitate trading of power among neighbouring countries, thereby supplying low-cost power while reducing carbon emissions and exposure to volatile oil prices (World Bank 2009). • Support nascent green sectors. Green sector growth can be facilitated by the provision of time- bound green subsidies such as low-interest loans, feed-in tariffs, investment incentives, exemption from certain regulations, stewardship jobs, and support for green small and medium enterprises. Such support must be carefully designed to avoid dependence or otherwise ineffective and unintended outcomes and conflict with WTO rules.10 6.5.2 Market-based instruments and subsidy reform • Use appropriate taxes and market-based instruments to promote green investment and innovation in renewable energy supply. Significant price distortions can discourage green investments or lead to failure of scaling up such investments. In a number of economic sectors, negative externalities, such as pollution, health impacts or loss of productivity, are typically not reflected in costs, thereby reducing the incentive to invest in more sustainable goods and services. A potential solution to this challenge is to internalise the cost of an externality via a corrective tax, charge or levy. In some cases other market-based instruments such as tradable permit schemes may be more appropriate. • Put in place incentive mechanisms for renewable energy technologies. Governments can improve the risk-return profile of renewable energy by assuming some of the financial risk. A wide suite of public incentive mechanisms such as national targets and feed-in tariffs are available. Each type of incentive mechanism has advantages and disadvantages. Hence, the choice of the incentive mechanism to be used will depend on the local circumstances of the country, the energy sector concerned, and the nature and ambition of the corresponding national renewable energy targets (UNEP 2012c). • Phase out fossil fuel subsidies. The considerable cost of renewable energy projects and technology incentives raises financial and political difficulties. Large sections of the population in developing countries are poor and cannot afford the additional costs of renewable energy 9. An example of public support of R&D in the renewable energy sector is the Desertec University Network, which was established by the Desertec Foundation and the Tunisian National Advisory Council for Scientific Research and Technology. The network aims at fostering renewable energy experts in MENA countries and, in the long-term, make MENA states autonomous renewable energy producers (Deser- tec 2012). 10. For further information, see UNEP (2008b). 244PDF Image | Renewable Energy
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