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Trends, Challenges and Opportunities Box 9. The role of patents in the transfer of clean energy technologies Given the importance of the role of IPRs in green growth and development of developing countries, UNEP joined forces in 2010 with the European Patent Office (EPO) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) to undertake an empirical study on the role of patents in the transfer of clean energy technologies (CETs) including solar PV, geothermal, wind and carbon capture. The study provides evidence and key insights towards a better understanding of the challenges related to the massive scale-up of the use and diffusion of CET needed to combat climate change. The study found that five countries – Germany, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States - are the source of almost 80 per cent of all innovation developed in the field of CET. In addition to the review of 400,000 patent documents, the study contains the first ever survey on licensing. Source: UNEP et al. 2010 Prominent in the discussion on pro-sustainable development licensing strategies is the debate on patent pools. A patent pool may exist where a given technology is composed of various items whose patents belong to different rights holders, and the latter are willing to pool their rights and licence the use of the patented item through a single agreement (WIPO 2012). This bears important implications for the transfer and the diffusion of EST. The most likely scenario would be that of a producer who intends to conform to a standard through the use of the patented items, and would be incentivised by the possibility of filing a single application for obtaining a license over a variety of patented items. This would facilitate the transfer and diffusion of EST. Box 10. Pooling green patents The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) launched a technology-sharing initiative, known as the Eco-Patent Commons, in January 2008. Inspired by the success of the open source software community in pooling knowledge to stimulate innovation, the scheme encourages companies to donate patents for inventions that, while not essential to their own business development, provide “environmental benefits”. The registered patents are published on a searchable website and made available for use by anyone free of charge. Among the first patents to be donated were a recyclable protective packaging material for electronic components from IBM, and mobile phones recycled into calculators and personal digital assistants from Nokia. Since the launch of the Eco-Patent Commons in January 2008, 100 eco-friendly patents have been pledged by 13 companies representing a variety of industries worldwide. Source: WBCSD 2011, WIPO 2009 6.4 Trends and trade opportunities The following section addresses trends in international trade in the renewable energy sector and identifies several green trade opportunities. As technology develops in the forthcoming years, further trade opportunities are expected to arise. 6.4.1 Renewable energy supply equipment and its inputs and components A key and growing market opportunity in the renewable energy sector is the export of renewable energy supply equipment, inputs or components. The global market in low-carbon and energy efficient technologies, which includes renewable energy supply products among other technologies, is projected to nearly triple to US$ 2.2 trillion by 2020 (UNCTAD 2011b). Within the energy sector, global growth in renewable energy sources contributing to world primary energy supply now greatly exceeds growth in fossil fuel based energy sources. Since 1990, annual global growth in solar PV, wind and biofuel supply capacity has averaged 42, 25 and 15 per cent respectively, compared to the rate of only 1.3 per cent for oil. In 2010, US$ 211 billion was invested in renewable energy supply, more than five times the amount invested in 2004, with more than half of these investments in developing countries (UNCTAD 2011c). 233 Renewable EnergyPDF Image | Renewable Energy
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