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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. Clearly, the heat related threads fare best in terms of process energy efficiency, since heat conversion is usually a very energy efficient process. If electricity is the required type of energy, pellets or briquettes seem to be the best option (this is a hypothetical comparison, as Alberta pulverized coal plants are not likely to accept pellets or briquettes, although cellulignin powder may be suitable). Cellulignin yields more electricity if it can be used in a combined cycle gas turbine. However, CHP offers the benefit of combined heat and power generation, optimising overall energy benefits from the feedstock. The methanol and bio-liquid processes have the smallest processing efficiencies. In the case of bio-liquid, the efficiency could also be increased if the liquid was used for heat production instead of electricity, as was modelled here, but would again not achieve the same results as the other technologies. Ethanol and methanol conversion are the only pathways that create an automotive fuel. While the energy conversion in an internal combustion engine is not very efficient, it is a high-value application and displaces a lot of fossil fuels, decreasing dependence on international oil imports. Note that much of the energy benefits of this thread come from the lignin, which displaces resins in wood products manufacturing. The efficiency of methanol production increases when adding electrolytic hydrogen to the process, albeit this requires the increased use of electricity, which is a high-value form of energy and can incur high life-cycle energy efficiency penalties depending on how that electricity is generated. Overall, processing efficiency as displayed here should not be taken as the sole criterion to select technologies, but if the aim is to produce a certain type of energy (electricity, heat, etc.), this comparison shows that some processes can deliver a higher efficiency than others. 5.2 Cost Comparisons Table 5.2.1 compares the cost of delivering one GJ of energy to a point of use at a distance of 500 km from the plant. The CHP option was left out as it is supposed to be located close to the users and product transport for heat and electricity will thus be over very short distances, meaning the cost of delivery is very low if the existing infrastructure can be used (the construction of a district heat system would increase delivery costs). Transport of bugwood logs to the plant is assumed to bridge a distance of 150 km by truck in all cases. The first case reflects the use of chipped wood, including bark, whereas the other cases are based on the technologies examined in this study. Loading cost for the product is included in processing for some cases. The ethanol is received at the refinery, which is assumed to cover any unloading costs for receiving the ethanol. For ethanol, only 35.7% of harvesting and processing costs were included because this is the share of revenues from ethanol; the remainder of the cost is allocated to the other co-products. For pipeline quality gas, the distance is irrelevant and only the cost up to the feed-in point is accounted for. It is obvious from Table 5.2.1 and Table 5.2.2 that concentrating the energy does not necessarily lead to life-cycle cost savings. This result is mainly due to the fact that, while transport costs can be reduced as energy is more concentrated in liquids etc., upstream costs are increased because of losses due to de-barking, processing losses and costs. For example, the cost of transporting entire wood logs for chipping and co-firing is nearly the same as when pelletising or briquetting the wood before it is shipped, although chipping may be a simplified approach (i.e., more processing may be required). Extrapolating to longer distances for truck transport would, however, show a distinct advantage for briquettes due to lower shipping costs. On the other hand, train transport over a distance of 1000 km does show now clear advantage for the concentration of energy in liquids, log transport being fairly cheap in comparison. Pre-treatment and processing of the wood therefore becomes more of an issue of developing markets and improving handling of wood energy products, rather than one of cost. The above calculation does not include de-barking before pelletizing, as this may not be necessary if the wood is burned in a coal plant (i.e. pelletizing costs are slightly reduced compared to “premium pellets” and harvesting costs are the same as that for wood logs). Still, because of the fairly high Page 82PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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