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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. overall energy displaced by these products is larger than the 14.4% of the feedstock energy input, which are attributed to lignin alone. Biomass Feed 20% moisture Figure 4.5.2 Harvesting 11.6% energy input (fossil & el.) Processing 5% Acetic acid 0.4% energy input (fossil fuel) Ethanol transport >30% Lignin etc. 41% energy in ethanol 1.8% energy input (fossil fuel) 0.4% energy input (fossil fuel) Transport to CHP plant 9% Bark Preliminary Energy Balance of the Lignol Process 4.5.3 Manufacturing and Transport Costs Plant revenues will come from both the ethanol and co-product sales. The most important product is actually not ethanol, but lignin. This fact implies that there needs to be a stable market for the lignin produced, at the projected price level. Commercial values for Organosolv lignins range from US$0.30 to US$1.40 per pound (a value of US$0.50 per pound was assumed for this analysis). On a mass basis, the expected (confirmed) ethanol yield from cellulose is 19 - 20% of feedstock input, and the projected yield from C-6 hemicellulose is 3.5 - 5.5%. The overall ethanol yield would therefore be between 22.5% and 25.5% [LI 2006]. Lignol’s plant design envisages a 35,000 tonnes per year (wood feedstock) plant size. Due to the current stage of its business development, Lignol Innovations is not ready to publish all of the process data required for this study, and the mass balance was therefore established based on several sources indicating the amounts of co-product streams from Lignol and other hydrolysis processes (see Table 4.5.1). The capital cost for a commercialised Lignol plant is given as $36 million, and the operating costs as $10.4 million per year [LI 2004]. Figure 4.5.3 Vancouver Gasoline Rack Price [CPPI 2005] The ethanol would have to be transported to an oil refinery to be mixed with gasoline. Refineries exist in Burnaby, BC (Chevron)7 and Alberta. For this study, it is assumed that ethanol is 7 The Chevron refinery is the only refinery on the west coast of Canada, and has a capacity of 2.5 million tonnes per year (52,000 barrels per day). Adding 10% of ethanol to the fuel would mean the refinery could take up to 250,000 tonnes (313,000,000 litres) of ethanol. Page 56PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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